Dr.Ir. Idat Galih Permana, MSc. Institut Pertanian Bogor Pertemuan Tindak Lanjut Pembahasan Inventarisasi GRK Sektor Pertanian pada 1st BUR - Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup. Bogor 14 Mei 2014 Sektor Peternakan sebagai Sumber Emisi GRK, Pembelajaran dari SNC, dan Potential Improvement Data Aktivitas dan Faktor Emisi untuk Inventarisasi GRK pada 1st BUR Dr.Ir. Idat Galih Permana, MSc. Institut Pertanian Bogor

Emisi GRK dari Sektor Pertanian Source: IPCC (2006)

Emisi GRK dari Sektor Pertanian Rice Cultivation (CH4) Cropland Burning (CO2, CH4 , N2O, N2O) Liming (CO2) Urea Fertilizer (CO2) N2O Emission from Managed Soil (N2O) Direct N2O Soil Indirect N2O Soil Livestock Enteric Fermentation (CH4 ) Manure Management (CH4 and N2O)

Jenis Ternak Penyumbang Emisi GRK Ternak Ruminansia: sapi (sapi perah, sapi potong), kerbau, domba dan kambing Ternak Non Ruminansia (Pseudoruminant): kuda Ternak Unggas: ayam (broiler, petelur, ayam buras), itik, puyuh dll Ternak Monogastrik lainnya: babi

Emisi GRK dari Peternakan Enteric Fermentation (Fermentasi Enterik) Methan (CH4) Manure Management (Pengelolaan Kotoran) Direct N2O Indirect N2O CH4

Enteric Fermentation Ternak ruminansia (sapi potong, sapi perah, kerbau, domba, kambing), kuda, babi menghasilkan Methan (CH4). Gas yang dihasilkan ternak ruminansia adalah CO2, CH4, H2S, H2O Methan dihasilkan dari proses methanogenesis di dalam rumen dengan bantuan bakteri methanogen. CO2 + 4H2 ==> CH4 + 2H2O

CH4 Manure Management Methan: Dihasilkan dari proses penanganan manure (manure management) pada semua jenis ternak (sapi perah, sapi potong, kerbau, domba, kambing, babi, itik, ayam ras, ayam kampung, ayam petelur) secara anaerobik Penanganan secara liquid (kondisi anaerob) lebih memungkinkan terjadinya methanogenesis dibandingkan penanganan secara solid. CH4

Manure Management N2O N2O Direct N2O Indirect N2O Dihasilkan dari proses kombinasi nitrifikasi dan detrifikasi N dari manur selama dalam penyimpanan. Proses nitrifikasi adalah perubahan N-ammonia menjadi N-nitrat dalam kondisi oksigen yang cukup. Indirect N2O Dihasilkan dari N-volatile seperti NH3 atau NOx. N organic yang mudah menjadi volatil adalah urea dan ureic acid N2O N2O

Faktor Emisi pada ternak tergantung dari berbagai hal: Jenis dan Bangsa Ternak Berat Badan, Umur Produksi Susu/Kerja Status reproduksi Kualitas Pakan Sistem Pemberian Pakan Sistem Pemeliharaan Sistem Pengelolaan Kotoran

Methodology (SNC) 2006 IPCC Guideline for National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Vol 4 – Agriculture Chapter 10 – Emission from Livestock and Manure Management Dilengkapi Worksheet untuk inventory

Methods TIER 1: BASIC CHARACTERISATION FOR LIVESTOCK POPULATION TIER 2: ENHANCED CHARACTERISATION FOR LIVESTOCK POPULATIONS Definitions for livestock subcategories; Livestock population by subcategory, with consideration for estimation of annual population as per Tier 1; Feed intake estimates for the typical animal in each subcategory. TIER 3: FOR COUNTRY-SPECIFIC

Source of Data (SNC) Livestock population data from Statistic Centra Buro (2000-2006) Livestock Population Stucture of Animal from Survey from Department of Agriculture –Statistic Central Statistic (2006)

Emisi Methan dari Fermentasi enterik dan Manajemen Manur

Estimation of Methane Emission from Enteric Fermentation Using IPCC 2006

Population Structure of Beef Cattle, Dairy and Buffalo No. Species Type Calf Growing Mature 1. Beef Cattle 18.13 28.99 52.88 2. Dairy Cattle 19.66 20.33 59.71 3. Buffalo 53.92 Source: Biro Pusat Statistik (2006)

Emission Factors for Enteric Fermentation No Species Type Enteric Fermentation (kg CH4/head/year) 1. Beef Cattle 47 2. Dairy Cattle 61 3. Buffalo 55 4. Sheep 5 5. Goat 6. Pig 1 7. Horse 18

Estimation of Methane Emission From Manure Management Using IPCC 2006

Emission Factors for Manure Management No Species Type Manure Management (kg CH4//head/year) 1. Beef Cattle 1 2. Dairy Cattle 31 3. Buffalo 2 4. Sheep 0.20 5. Goat 0.22 6. Pig 7 7. Horse 2.19 8. Local Chicken 0.02 9. Broiler 10. Layer 11. Duck

CH4 emission by enteric fermentation CH4 emission by manure management Distribution of Methane Emission by Animal Type (2000) No. Animal Types Number of Animal CH4 emission by enteric fermentation (Gg) CH4 emission by manure management Total 1. Beef Cattle 8,121,691 381.72 8.12 389.84 2. Dairy Cattle 265,744 16.21 8.24 24.45 3. Buffalo 1,766,248 97.14 3.53 100.68 4. Sheep 7,414,965 37.07 1.48 38.56 5. Goat 12,613,108 63.07 2.77 65.84 6. Pig 5,247,200 5.25 36.73 41.98 7. Horse 412,919 7.43 0.90 8.34 8. Poultry : Native Chicken 261,132,020 - 5.22 Broiler 534,810,990 10.70 Layer 69,702,890 1.39 Duck 29,674,120 0.59 TOTAL 607.89 79.69 687.58

Total Emisi Methan dari Peternakan

Distribusi Emisi Methan dari Fermentasi Enterik berdasarkan Jenis Ternak

Distribusi Emisi Methan dari Manajemen Manur berdasarkan Jenis Ternak

Distribusi Emisi Methan berdasarkan dari Sektor Pertanian berdasarkan Sumbernya

Emisi N2O dari Manajemen Manur

Definition of Manure Management System Pasture/Range/Paddock The manure from pasture and range grazing animals is allowed to lie as deposited, and is not managed. Daily spread Manure is routinely removed from a confinement facility and is applied to cropland or pasture within 24 hours of excretion. Solid storage The storage of manure, typically for a period of several months, in unconfined piles or stacks. Manure is able to be stacked due to the presence of a sufficient amount of bedding material or loss of moisture by evaporation. Dry lot A paved or unpaved open confinement area without any significant vegetative cover where accumulating manure may be removed periodically

Definition of Manure Management System Liquid/Slurry Manure is stored as excreted or with some minimal addition of water in either tanks or earthen ponds outside the animal housing, usually for periods less than one year. Uncovered anaerobic lagoon A type of liquid storage system designed and operated to combine waste stabilization and storage. Lagoon supernatant is usually used to remove manure from the associated confinement facilities to the lagoon. Anaerobic lagoons are designed with varying lengths of storage (up to a year or greater), depending on the climate region, the volatile solids loading rate, and other operational factors. The water from the lagoon may be recycled as flush water or used to irrigate and fertilise fields. Pit storage below animal confinements Collection and storage of manure usually with little or no added water typically below a slatted floor in an enclosed animal confinement facility, usually for periods less than one year.

Definition of Manure Management System Anaerobic digester Animal excreta with or without straw are collected and anaerobically digested in a large containment vessel or covered lagoon. Digesters are designed and operated for waste stabilization by the microbial reduction of complex organic compounds to CO2 and CH4, which is captured and flared or used as a fuel Burned for fuel The dung and urine are excreted on fields. The sun dried dung cakes are burned for fuel. Cattle and Swine deep bedding As manure accumulates, bedding is continually added to absorb moisture over a production cycle and possibly for as long as 6 to 12 months. This manure management system also is known as a bedded pack manure management system and may be combined with a dry lot or pasture. Composting - invessel Composting, typically in an enclosed channel, with forced aeration and continuous mixing. Composting - Static pile Composting in piles with forced aeration but no mixing.

Definition of Manure Management System Composting - Intensive windrow Composting in windrows with regular (at least daily) turning for mixing and aeration. Composting - Passive Composting in windrows with infrequent turning for mixing and aeration. Poultry manure with litter Similar to cattle and swine deep bedding except usually not combined with a dry lot or pasture. Typically used for all poultry breeder flocks and for the production of meat type chickens (broilers) and other fowl. Poultry manure without litter May be similar to open pits in enclosed animal confinement facilities or may be designed and operated to dry the manure as it accumulates. The latter is known as a high-rise manure management system and is a form of passive windrow composting when designed and operated Properly Aerobic treatment The biological oxidation of manure collected as a liquid with either forced or natural aeration. Natural aeration is limited to aerobic and facultative ponds and wetland systems and is due primarily to photosynthesis. Hence, these systems typically become anoxic during periods without sunlight.

DIRECT N2O EMISSION

INDIRECT N2O EMISSION

Emission Factor for Direct N2O Faktor Emisi untuk Direct N2O No Species Type Emission Factor for Direct N2O 1 Beef Cattle 0.02 2 Dairy Cattle 3 Bufallo 4 Sheep 5 Goat 6 Swine 7 Horse 8 Local Chicken 0.001 9 Broiler 10 Layer 11 Duck IPCC (2006) Table 10.21

Direct and indirect N2O emission from manure management Manure Management System Species Type Number of Animal Annual direct N2O emissions (kg/year) Annual indirect N2O emissions Pastura* Beef Cattle** 2,436,507 - Daily Spread Dairy Cattle 265,744 582 Dry Lot Beef Cattle*** 5,685,184 155,217 14,816 Buffalo 1,766,248 42,792 5,446 Sheep 7,414,965 55,731 7,093 Goats 12,613,108 118,935 15,137 Swine 2,623,600 8,427 1,207 Horses 412,919 10,372 1,485 Poultry With Litter Broiler 534,810,990 4,555 14,494 Layer 69,702,890 885 2,816 Poultry Without Litter Native Chicken 261,132,020 2,211 7,738 Duck 29,674,120 424 1,483  TOTAL   399,549 72,297

Potensi Perbaikan dalam Data Aktivitas dan Faktor Emisi

Populasi Ternak Nasional (2000-2011) dalam Ribuan ekor Livestock 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 *) Beef Cattle 11,008 11,137 11,298 10,504 10,533 10,569 10,875 11,515 12,257 12,760 13582 14,824 Dairy Cattle 354 347 358 374 364 361 369 458 475 488 597 Buffalo 2,405 2,333 2,403 2,459 2,128 2,167 2,086 1,931 1,933 2,000 1,305 Sheep 7,427 7,401 7,641 7,811 8,075 8,327 8,980 9,514 9,605 10,199 10,725 11,372 Goats 12,566 12,464 12,549 12,722 12,781 13,409 13,790 14,470 15,147 15,815 16,620 17,483 Swine 5,357 5,369 5,927 6,151 5,980 6,801 6,218 6,711 6,338 6,975 7,477 7,758 Horses 412 422 419 413 397 387 398 401 393 399 416 Native Chicken 259,257 268,039 275,292 277,357 276,989 278,954 291,085 272,251 243,423 249,964 257,544 274,893 Broiler 530,874 621,870 865,075 847,744 778,970 811,189 797,527 891,659 902,052 991,281 986,872 1,041,968 Layer 69,366 70,254 78,039 79,206 93,416 84,790 100,202 111,489 107,955 99,768 105,210 110,300 Duck 29,035 32,068 46,001 33,863 32,573 32,405 32,481 35,867 38,840 42,318 44,302 49,392 Sumber: Biro Pusat Statistik

Populasi Ternak Nasional

Distribusi Ternak Sapi Potong di Indonesia Jawa: 42% Sumatera: 24% Lainnya: 34%

Distribusi Sapi Perah di Indonesia Jawa : 98% Luar Jawa: 2%

Distribusi Ternak Unggas di Indonesia Kalimantan 6% Sumatera 30% Lainnya 4% Jawa 60%

Populasi Sapi Potong (2011)

Populasi Sapi Perah (2011)

Populasi Kerbau (2011)

Struktur Populasi Ternak Faktor Emisi (EF) untuk sapi potong, sapi perah dan kerbau perlu dikoreksi berdasarkan Struktur Populasi : Ternak Dewasa = 1.0 Ternak Muda = 0.5 Ternak Anak = 0.25

Faktor Emisi Fermentasi Enterik (terkoreksi) No Species Type EF (dewasa) * (kg/head/year) EF (muda) ** EF (anak) ** 1 Beef Cattle 47 23.5 11.75 2 Dairy Cattle 68 34 17 3 Bufallo 55 27.5 13.75 4 Sheep 5 - Goat 6 Pig 7 Horse 18 8 Local Chicken  - 9 Broiler 10 Layer 11 Duck * IPCC (2006) Table 10.10 & Table 10.11 ** Dikoreksi berdasarkan stuktur populasi ternak

Faktor Emisi Managemen Manur (terkoreksi) No Species Type EF (dewasa) * (kg/head/year) EF (muda) ** EF (anak) ** 1 Beef Cattle 0.5 0.25 2 Dairy Cattle 31 15.5 7.75 3 Bufallo 1.0 4 Sheep 0.20 - 5 Goat 0.22 6 Pig 7 Horse 2.19 8 Local Chicken 0.02 9 Broiler 10 Layer 11 Duck * IPCC (2006) Table 10.10 & Table 10.11 ** Dikoreksi berdasarkan stuktur populasi ternak

Perhitungan Populasi Ayam Broiler Pada perhitungan inventory SNC populasi ayam broiler dan ayam kampung tidak dikoreksi Populasi ayama broiler dihitung dengan mempertimbangkan masa pemeliharaan. Pada umnya ayam broiler dipelihara selama 60 hari dan ayam kampung dipelihara 120 hari. Jika pada tahun 2011 produksi Boiler ekor/tahun 1.041.968.000 ekor/th, maka rataan populasi broiler per tahun: Rataan produksi per tahun = 60 x (1.041.968/365) = 171.822.410 ekor/tahun

Koreksi Populasi Ternak Impor sapi bakalan dan kerbau masuk dalam perhitungan populasi sapi (?) Setiap tahun Indonesia masih mengimport sapi bakalan sekitar 500 ribu ekor. Sapi bakalan dipelihara hanya 4 bulan (120 hari), dengan demikian perlu dikoreksi (120/365)

Kegiatan Mitigasi Kegiatan mitigasi dalam peternakan berupa instalasi Biogas melalui BATAMAS atau BIRU dapat dihitung. Perbaikan kualitas pakan, peningkatan kualitas pastura dan peningkatan mutu genetik masih sulit untuk diperhitung.

Terima Kasih