KEBUTUHAN ENERGI & PENENTUAN STATUS GIZI

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Transcript presentasi:

KEBUTUHAN ENERGI & PENENTUAN STATUS GIZI Oleh: dr dini

Food into energy As we know, our bodies obtain energy from carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Let’s compare the energy we obtain from these nutrients: 1 gram of carbohydrate = 17.1 kj 1 gram of protein = 18.2 kj 1 gram of fat = 38.9 kj How much energy is there in 30 grams of carbohydrate? 30 g of carbohydrate = 17.1 × 30 = 513kj 15 g of fat = 38.9 × 15 = 583.5kj The carbohydrate would be better for the middle distance runner. They would need quick-release energy in the form of glycogen. Fat is converted to energy too slowly. How much energy is there in 15 grams of fat? Would the fat or the carbohydrate be a better source of energy for a middle distance runner?

This can be measured in either kilojoules (kj) or kilocalories (kcal). Your energy needs The body uses energy all the time just to keep warm, keep the heart beating and the lungs breathing. The Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) is the amount of energy we require just to stay alive, awake and warm. To move around, digest food and exercise, we need even more energy. This is called our working energy. Our working energy depends on how active we are. basal metabolic rate + working energy Total energy needed = This can be measured in either kilojoules (kj) or kilocalories (kcal).

Individual energy needs The amount of energy required varies from person to person. It depends on a number of factors: Age – as you grow up and your body gets larger, it requires more energy. However, after the age of about 40, your metabolism slows down and you don’t need to eat as much. Size – larger people require more energy to keep their bodies functioning and to move them around. Sex – males usually require more energy than females because they tend to be more heavily built. Lifestyle – the more activity you do, the more energy you will require.

Individual energy needs per day (kcal) Male (kcal) Female (kcal) Child – 6 months 700 650 Child – 8 years 1970 1740 16 year-old 2700 2100 Adult working in an office 2500 2150 Adult doing heavy physical work 3350 2550 A retired person aged 75 years 1700 Answer: 16 year-old males are relatively active compared to office workers – they have a higher working energy. Why do you think that, on average, adult males working in offices need fewer calories than 16 year-old males?

Energy balance When you participate in sport and other activities, you burn extra energy. The amount of energy you use will depend on: what type of exercise you do how long you exercise for how hard you exercise. Here are some guidelines for the energy used in different activities: Activity Kcals per hour Ironing 140 Walking briskly 300 Swimming 400 Tennis 490 Jogging 600

Energy balance

Kebutuhan energi Dihitung dg menghitung komponen penggunaan energi, yaitu: Basal Metabolic rate (BMR) Specific dynamic action (SDA) Aktivitas Fisik Faktor Pertumbuhan

Basal Metabolic Rate Mrp jml energi yg dikeluarkan utk aktv.vital tubuh, misalnya denyut jantung, bernafas, kerja otot, dsb.

BMR utk perempuan

Specific dynamic action (SDA) Mrp jml energi yg dibutuhkan utk mengolah makanan dlm tubuh. Besarnya 10% dari BMR.

Aktivitas Fisik Pengeluaran energi utk aktv.fisik ditentukan oleh jenis, intensitas, & lamanya aktv.fisik dan olahraga.

Kebutuhan energi aktiv itas OR berdasarkan BB

Aktivitas Olahraga Berat Badan (kg) 50 60 70 80 90 Balap sepeda : - 9 km/jam 3 4 5 6 - 15 km/jam 7 8 9 - bertanding 10 12 13 15 Bulutangkis Bola basket 11 Bola voli 2 Dayung Golf Hockey Berlanjut …..

Jalan kaki : - 10 menit/km 5 6 7 8 9 - 8 menit/km 10 11 - 5 menit/km Lanjutan …. Jalan kaki : - 10 menit/km 5 6 7 8 9 - 8 menit/km 10 11 - 5 menit/km 12 15 17 19 Lari : - 5,5 menit/km 14 - 5 menit/km - 4,5 menit/km 13 18 20 - 4 menit/km 21 23 Renang : - gaya bebas - gaya punggung - gaya dada

Senam 3 4 5 6 Senam aerobik : - pemula 7 8 9 - terampil 10 12 Tenis lapangan : - rekreasi - bertanding 14 15 Tenis meja Tinju : - latihan 11 13 18 20 Yudo 17

Faktor Pertumbuhan Anak & remaja tumbuh perlu tamb.energi utk pertumb.jar.baru.

EVALUASI STATUS GIZI (ANTROPOMETRI) Menghitung berat badan ideal BBI = (TB – 100) – 10%(TB-100) Menghitung Indeks Masa Tubuh (IMT) ….(untuk usia > 18 th) Berat Badan (Kg) IMT = Tinggi Badan (m)2

Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT)

BMI (WHO - Classification) BMI < 18.5 = Under Weight BMI 18.5-24.9 = Healthy weight range BMI 25-30 = Overweight (grade 1 obesity) BMI >30-40 = Obese (grade 2 obesity) BMI >40 =Very obese (morbid or grade 3 obesity)

Menghitung Kebutuhan Kalori BMR= 24 jam x BB x 1 kal (a) Kebutuhan energi untuk kerja (b) Ringan : 30 kalXKg BB X Lama/24jam Sedang : 35 kalXKgBBXlama/24 jam Berat : 40 kal x Kg BB x lama/24 jam Sangat berat : 50 kal x Kg BB x lama/24 jam 4. SDA = (BMR) x 10% (c) 5. Total = a + b + c

Menghitung Kebutuhan Kalori Tentukan BMR (Lihat Tabel BMR) Tentukan SDA = 10% BMR Jumlahkan BMR dan SDA Tentukan Faktor Tingkat Aktivitas Fisik (Lihat Tabel), kalikan dengan (BMR +SDA) Tentukan penggunaan energi sesuai dengan latihan. Kalikan durasi latihan dengan besarnya energi yg digunakan setiap latihan dalam seminggu, kemudian dibagi 7, utk mengetahui penggunaan energi per hari. Total kebutuhan energi= hasil no.4 + no. 5

Berapa Kebutuhan Energi sehari ? Contoh: Bambang mahasiswa,usia 20 Th, BB:60 Kg,TB 160cm Aktivitas harian: Latihan fisik: lari (kec 5 mnt/Km), 3X/mg selama 1 jam Latihan Basket : 2 X/mg, selama 45 menit Kuliah di kelas (ringan sedang) Berapa Kebutuhan Energi sehari ?

Tahap 1 Hitung IMT BB:60 Kg,TB 160cm IMT = BB (kg): TB(m)2 = 60 :(1.6)2 = 23.4 (Normal)

Tahap 3 SDA = 10% X BMR (1589)= 158.9 Kal. Tahap 2 BMR = 1589 Kal (Tabel ) atau bisa juga menggunakan rumus 24 kal X BB Tahap 3 SDA = 10% X BMR (1589)= 158.9 Kal. Jenis Kelamin Berat Badan ( Kg) Energi ( Kalori) 10-18 Th 18-30 Th 30-60 Th Laki-Laki 55 1625 1514 1499 60 1713 1589 1556 65 1801 1664 1613 70 1889 1739 1670 75 1977 1814 1727 80 2065 1785 85 2154 1964 1842 90 2242 2039

Tahap 4. Energi aktivitas harian (Kuliah)= Faktor Aktivitas X (BMR+SDA) 1.7 X (1589+ 158.9) = 2971 Kalori Faktor Latihan Aktivitas Jenis Aktivitas LK PR Istirahat Tidur, baring, duduk 1.2 Ringan Sekali menulis, mengetik 1.4 Ringan Menyapu, menjahit, mencuci piring, menghias ruang 1.5 Ringan -sedang Sekolah, kuliah, kerja kantor 1.7 1.6 Sedang Mencangkul, menyabit rumput 1.8 Berat Menggergaji pohon dengan gergaji tangan 2.1 Berat Sekali Mendaki gunung, menarik becak. 2.3 2.0

Total Kebutuhan Energi sehari = Tahap 5 Energi Latihan/ Minggu - Lari (kec 5 Mnt/Km)=3X60 mnt X 12kal=2160 Kal/mg ( Tabel ) - Lat.Basket = 2X45 Mnt X 8 Kal. = 720 Kal/mg (Tabel ) Energi Latihan sehari= (2160 + 720) : 7= 411 Kal. Total Kebutuhan Energi sehari = 2971 +411 = 3382 Kalori

Berat Badan Ideal (Idaman) Berat badan idaman (untuk TB > 160 cm)= (Tinggi Badan – 100) – 10%. Untuk pria dengan TB < 160 cm dan perempuan dg TB < 150 cm, tidak perlu dikurangi 10%.

CONTOH Seorang laki-laki usia 32 tahun, TB 172 cm dan BB 98 kg. Bagaimana penilaian status gizi orang tersebut?

Lanjutan Berat badan idaman =(172-100) – 7,2 kg = 64,8 kg Berat badan normal = berat badan idaman ± 10%. Jadi, apabila berat badan idaman 64,8 kg, maka berat badan normal antara 58,3 kg sampai 71,3 kg. Jika BB < 58,3 kg berarti kurus, sedangkan bila BB > 71,3 kg berarti gemuk. Jadi, untuk kasus tersebut (BB 98 kg, TB 172 cm) berarti pria tersebut gemuk.

Kebutuhan kalori Jenis aktivitas (ringan, sedang atau berat) Kebutuhan kalori per kg BB St Gizi Aktivitas Ringan Sedang Berat Gemuk 25 30 35 Normal 40 Kurus 40-50

Kasus Gemuk, aktivitas sedang  shg kebutuhan kalori per kg BB adalah 30 kalori. Dg demikian, kebutuhan kalori sehari-hari adalah 64,8 x 30 kalori = 1944 kalori atau dibulatkan mjd 1900 kalori.

Untuk menurunkan berat badan Masukan kalori perlu dikurangi (< 1900 kalori). Bisa dipilih 1500 atau 1700 kalori. Penurunan BB tidak boleh terlalu cepat. Penurunan 2 kg per bulan sudah memadai. Dalam 6 bulan, BB turun 12 kg. Biasanya setelah 6 bulan, penurunan BB mjd landai. Asupan kalori perlu diturunkan lagi setelah 6 bulan, shg BB bisa turun lagi. Olahraga tetap harus dilakukan secara teratur.