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Politeness is Islamic value

According to George Yule (1996) in his book “Pragmatics” the traditional linguists have no real social lives whereas the modern linguists tend to consider that linguistic interaction has a tight relation to social interaction.

The definition of Politeness Politeness is the awareness of another person’s face. The word “Face” in this case refers to the public self-image of a person. .

Two important factors There are two important factors in PP (Politeness Principle): Age and Power. Towards the older and the more powerful authority we pay respect since there is a distance. Towards the same age and power there is a closeness or friendliness.

An Example A. Excuse me, Mr. Buckingham, but can I talk to You for a minute? B. Hey, Bucky, got a minute? Greeting somebody by uttering “Mr”+Last name shows that there is a distance and respect whereas uttering one’s first name shows friendliness or closeness.

Important terms “Face wants “ refers to the expectations dealing with one’s face or public image. “Face threatening act” refers to a threat/ancaman to another self-image. “Face saving act” refers to an act of saving one’s self image.

An example One day a young neighbor was playing music so loudly in the middle of the night. At the same moment there was a couple of older people who were trying to sleep. The husband: “I’m going to tell him to stop that awful noise right now” The wife: “Perhaps you could just ask him if he’s going to stop soon because it’s getting a bit late and people need to get to sleep.

The saying of the husband is an example of face threatening act whereas the saying of the wife in an instance of face saving act.

Negative and positive face A person’s Negative face is the need to be independent, to have freedom fo action, and not be imposed on by others. E.g: “mind your own business”, “I don’t care”, “Who cares?”, “I want to be alone”. A person’s positive face is the need to be accepted, even liked, by others. In short, a need to be connected.

A unique pattern of politeness principle

Pre-Request One way of avoiding risk is to provide an opportunity for the other to halt the potentially risky action. A: Are you busy? (pre-request) B: not really (go ahead) A: Check over this memo. (request) B: Okay (accept)

C: Are you busy? (pre-request) D: Oh, sorry (stop).

Leech’s politeness maxims 1 .The Tact maxim 2. The Generosity maxim 3. The Approbation maxim 4. The Modesty maxim 5 .The Agreement maxim 6 .The Sympathy maxim

The tact maxim The Tact maxim/maksim kearifan/kebijaksanaan The tact maxim states: 'Minimize the expression of beliefs which imply cost to other; maximize the expression of beliefs which imply benefit to other: Could I interrupt you for a second? If I could just clarify this then.

Tuan rumah : “Silakan makan saja dulu, nak. Tadi kami sudah mendahului Tuan rumah : “Silakan makan saja dulu, nak! Tadi kami sudah mendahului.” Tamu : “Wah, saya jadi tidak enak, Bu.” Di dalam tuturan tersebut, tampak dengan sangat jelas bahwa apa yang dituturkan si Tuan Rumah sungguh memaksimalkan keuntungan sang Tamu.

The generosity maxim The Generosity maxim/maksim kedermawanan Leech's Generosity maxim states: 'Minimize the expression of beliefs that express or imply benefit to self; maximize the expression of beliefs that express or imply cost to self.' Unlike the tact maxim, the maxim of generosity focuses on the speaker, and says that others should be put first instead of the self. You relax and let me do the dishes. You must come and have dinner with us.

Anak kos A : “Mari saya cucikan baju kotormu Anak kos A : “Mari saya cucikan baju kotormu. Pakaianku tidak banyak kok yang kotor” Anak kos B : “Tidak usah, mbak. Nanti siang saya akan mencuci juga kok.” Dari tuturan tersebut, dapat dilihat dengan jelas bahwa Anak kos A berusaha memaksimalkan keuntungan pihak lain dengan cara menambahkan beban bagi dirinya sendiri. Hal itu dilakukan dengan cara menawarkan bantuan untuk mencucikan pakaian kotornya si B

The Approbation maxim The Approbation maxim/maksim penghargaan The Approbation maxim states: 'Minimize the expression of beliefs which express dispraise of other; maximize the expression of beliefs which express approval of other.' It is preferred to praise others and if this is impossible, to sidestep the issue, to give some sort of minimal response (possibly through the use of euphemisms), or to remain silent. I heard you singing at the karaoke last night. It sounded like you were enjoying yourself! Mr.Samidi, I know you're a genius - would you know how to solve this math problem here?

Dosen A : “Pak, aku tadi sudah memulai kuliah perdana untuk kelas Business English.” Dosen B : “Oya, tadi aku mendengar Bahasa Inggrismu bagus sekali.” Pemberitahuan yang disampaikan dosen A terhadap rekan dosennya pada contoh di atas ditanggapi dengan sangat baik bahkan disertai dengan pujian dari dosen B.

The modesty maxim The Modesty maxim/maksim kesederhanaan. Maxim of modesty is one of the six maxims proposed by Leech (1983) in his PP (politeness principle) meaning to minimize praise or to maximize dispraise of self. The Modesty maxim states: 'Minimize the expression of praise of self; maximize the expression of dispraise of self.' Oh, I'm so stupid - I didn't make a note of our lecture! Did you?

Mari mampir ke gubuk saya. Tadi saya kesini naik gerobak saya.

Ibu A : “Nanti ibu yang memberikan sambutan dalam rapat Dasa Wisma ya Ibu A : “Nanti ibu yang memberikan sambutan dalam rapat Dasa Wisma ya.” Ibu B : ” Waduh..nanti grogi aku.” Dalam contoh di atas ibu B tidak menjawab dengan: “Oh, tentu saja. Memang itu kelebihan saya.” Ibu B mengurangi pujian terhadap dirinya sendiri dengan mengatkan: ” Waduh..nanti grogi aku.”

The agreement maxim The Agreement maxim/maksim kesepakatan The Agreement maxim runs as follows: 'Minimize the expression of disagreement between self and other; maximize the expression of agreement between self and other.' A: I don't want my daughter to do this, I want her to do that. B: Yes, but ma'am, I thought we resolved this already on your last visit.

Guru A : “Ruangannya gelap ya, Bu.” Guru B : “He’eh. Saklarnya mana ya?” Pada contoh di atas, tampak adanya kecocokan persepsi antara Guru A dan B bahwa ruangan tersebut gelap. Guru B mengiyakan pernyataan Guru A bahwa ruangan gelap dan kemudian mencari saklar yang member makna perlu menyalakan lampu agar ruangan menjadi terang.

The Sympathy maxim The sympathy maxim states: 'minimize antipathy between self and other; maximize sympathy between self and other.' This includes a small group of speech acts such as congratulation, commiseration, and expressing condolences - all of which is in accordance with Brown and Levinson's positive politeness strategy of attending to the hearer's interests, wants, and needs. I am sorry to hear about your father.

Mahasiswa A : “Mas, aku akan ujian tesis minggu depan Mahasiswa A : “Mas, aku akan ujian tesis minggu depan.” Mahasiswa B : “Wah, selamat ya. Semoga sukses.”

Ironical principle Irony indicates that what is meant is the contradictory of what is said. The use of irony is intentional. In other word, we employ this linguistic device in utterance if we want the addressee to encode the extra meaning hidden in the ironical remark. Irony is contradicting either what the speaker has said or usually says, or, contradicting what the take to be true. To read the irony a hearer or reader do not just have to know the context, but also have to be committed to specific beliefs and positions within that context (Colebrook, 2004: 166, Martina Stykatova, 2009: 53).

Types of irony Verbal irony is a disparity of expression and intention: when a speaker says one thing but means another, or when a literal meaning is contrary to its intended effect. An example of this is when someone says "Oh, that's beautiful", when what they mean (probably conveyed by their tone) is they find "that" quite ugly.

It's kind of ironic that if I get my Ph. D. , I'll be a real doctor It's kind of ironic that if I get my Ph.D., I'll be a real doctor. Marcia Cross It is an ironic habit of human beings to run faster when we have lost our way. Rollo May

It's ironic … At times like this you (American Judeo-christian) pray but a bomb blew the mosque up yesterday there's bombs on the busses , bikes, roads inside your market your shops, your clothes. (Linkin’ Park “Hands held high”)

Dramatic irony is a disparity of awareness between actor and observer: when words and actions possess a significance that the listener or audience understands, but the speaker or character does not, for example when a character says to another "I'll see you tomorrow!" when the audience (but not the character) knows that the character will die before morning.

An old man turned ninety-eight He won the lottery and died the next day It's a black fly in your Chardonnay It's a death row pardon two minutes too late And isn't it ironic... don't you think (Alanis Morissette “ironic”)