PERKEMBANGAN HORISON TANAH

PERKEMBANGAN HORISON TANAH A-Horizon development Accumulation of organic matter Clumping of individual soil particles Distinct from parent material and other layers B and C horizon development Carbonic and organic acids are carried by water into soil where dissolve various minerals (transformations) Soluble materials (ions –Ca2+, CO32-, SO42-, etc) are carried by water and precipitate in the soil from upper to lower horizons (translocation) Weathering of primary minerals into secondary minerals Wetting and drying cracks soils and makes structures. DIUNDUH DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt ….. 11/2/2013

PERKEMBANGAN HORISON TANAH DIUNDUH DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt ….. 11/2/2013

PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH Adsorption – Adsorpsi - Penjerapan: Proses ini terjadi kalau gaya-gaya tarik antara permukaan padatan-tanah (adsorbent) dan komponen larutan-tanah (adsorbat ) lebih besar dibandingkan gaya-gaya tarik antara komponen terlarut dan larutan tanah (solvent), serta gaya tolak antara permukaan tanah dan spesies yang dijerap. DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013

PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH Aggregation - Agregasi: Partikel-partikel diikat (dipegang) bersama menjadi unit-unit yang ukurannya beragam, bentuknya bebreda-beda, dengan bvantuan proses-proses fisika, kimiawi dan biologis. Suatu Agregat dipisahkan dari agregat lainnya melalui bidang permukaan yang lemah. DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013

PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH Alkalization - Alkalisasi: Akumulasi kation Na; pembentukan Horison natrik.. Audification - Pengasaman: Akumulasi ion-ion H+. Carbonation – Karbonasi (calcification): Akumulasi kalsium karbonat; pembentukan Horison Kalsik atau Horison Petrokalsik. Chelation- Khelasi – Peng-khelat-an: Pembentukan senyawa kompleks logam dengan agen organik. Logal dijebak dalam struktur cincin, sehingga menjadi sangat stabil. DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2014

PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH Compaction – Kompaksi - Pemadatan: Reduksi fisik kandungan uadar tanah yang mengakibatkan meningkatnya Bobot Isi. Cryoturbation: Pencampiran tanah akibat dari suhu rendah, mis. Untuk merusak horison, memasukkan bahan organik ke dalam horison bawah, dan untuk menata batu-batu. Dealkalization (solodization): Pergerakan ion Na ke luar dari bagian tertentu profil tanah. Decarbonation (decalcification): Pergerakan kalsium karbonat ke luar dari bagian tertentu profil tanah. DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013

PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH Decomposition - Dekomposisi: Penghancuran bahan mineral dan bahan organik secara biokimiawi. Dehydration - Dehidrasi: Kehilangan air yang mengakibatkan suatu senyawa kembali ke keadaan orisinalnya. Deposition merupakan sedimentasi bahan yang terangkut: Akumulasi partikel tanah / colluvium Akumulasi unsur hara / Peningkatan KTK Pengkayaan partikel berukuran medium. DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013

PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH Desalinization - Desalinisasi: Pergerakan garam-garam larut ke luar dari bagian tertentu profil tanah. Desilication - Desilikasi: Pergerakan silika ke luar dari bagian tertentu profil tanah. Diffusion (into and out of the soil): Pertukaran udara antara atmosfir dan tanah karena pengaruh tekanan partial gerakan massa. Disaggregation - Disagregasi: Hancurnya agregat atanah. Dispersion - Dispersi: Proses hancurnya struktur tanah dalam air dan memisah menjadi separat komponen-komponennya.

PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH Eluviation - Eluviasi: Gerakan material ke luar dari lapisan profil tanah (secara harfiah “pencucian material”); menghilangnya material yang tercuci ke luar (misalnya sequioxides, mineral liat, bahan organik tanah) Energy influx / outflux: Radiation absorption / reflection: Temperatur Tanah Microbiological activity -> humification , decomposition, mineralization Evaporasi Air tanah

PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH Erosi adalah pengangkutan partikel tanah (dan bahan organik tanah) oleh air atau angin. Pukulan tetes air hujan menghancurkan agregat tanah Soil movement / removal of the A horizon Smoothing or levelling of the soil surface Loss of nutrients / decrease of CEC Selective particle transport results in the relative enrichment of coarse and fine particles and depletion of medium-sized particles Reduced infiltration / increase in surface runoff / reduced soil moisture Penyumbatan permukaan tanah. DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013

PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH Ferrugination: Development of brown, reddish brown, and reddish soil colors. Flocculation: It is a process where the individual particles of clay are coagulated to form floccular aggregates. Gleization: It involves the reduction of iron and its segregation into redoximorphic features, or its removal by leaching form the gleyed horizon; process occuring in poorly drained soil. Humification - Humifikasi: Pembentukan HUMUS dari bahan organik segar. Hydration: Absorption of water to form a new compound which differs only slightly from the original state DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013

Humification Describes the addition of organic matter to, and its chemical decomposition into humus and organic acids HUMUS is the dark material that makes soils black or brown Breakdown of the humus and organic acids also produces high CO2 concentrations in the soil, leading to carbonic acid and another form of chemical weathering. DIUNDUH DARI: smu.edu/earthsciences/academics/courses/geol3472/Lecture%202.ppt ……. 10/2/2013

PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH Hydrolysis: The replacement of cations in a mineral structure .by hydrogen ions from the soil solution.   Illuviation: Movement of material into a section of the soil profile (literally washing into or towards); accumulation of material washed into (e.g. sequioxides, clay minerals, organic material)  Induration: Hardening of a section of the profile produced in association with iron pans and plinthite, and with other cementing agents (Si or Ca). Infiltration: The entry of water into the soil surface Rainwater infiltrates in the soil with soluble and suspended matter. DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013

PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH Interflow (Subsurface flow, through flow, seepage): Lateral subsurface flow. Lessivage: Physical downward movement of clay minerals. Leucinization (decoloration): Lightening the color in a section of the profile - formation of an albic horizon. Melanization: Darkening the color of light-colored mineral initial unconsolidated material by mixture and accumulation of organic matter; formation of a mollic horizon due to incorporation of organic matter. Mineralization: Release of minerals in various forms during the decomposition of organic matter. Neutralization: Counteraction of the H+ ions. Outflow: Loss of water from the pedosphere to the groundwater. Loss of water and soluble and suspended matter from the system, i.e. loss from the soil zone (unsaturated and saturated zone) into the groundwater. DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013

Lessivage Physical transport of clay-sized material downward from surface horizon (Translocation) Leads to reddish coloration and clay-rich subsurface horizons Seasonally wet climates Modern California Argentina, 225 Million Year old rocks DIUNDUH DARI: smu.edu/earthsciences/academics/courses/geol3472/Lecture%202.ppt ……. 10/2/2013

PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH Oxidation-Oksidasi: Formation of an oxide or the release of electrons. Pedoturbation: The churning and disruption of horizon formation by biological, physical and to some extent chemical activity, such as wetting and drying, swelling and contraction, freezing and thawing, root pressures, animal burrowing, acitivty of man. Podzolization - PODSOLISASI: Proses translokasi SESQUIOKSIDA dalam profil tanah. Bentuk besi ferro larut berada pada zone eluviation, dan besi ferri tidak larut pada zone illuviation. Podsolisasi adalah proses pembentukan tanah yang menghasilkan tanah Podsol. DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013

PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH Precipitation: Separation and deposition of a substance in a solid form from a solution. Reduction: Loss of oxygen ions or acceptance of electrons. Salinization: Accumulation of soluble salts such as chlorides and sulphates of Ca, Mg, Na, or K. DIUNDUH DARI: ……. 17/2/2013

PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH Silication: Accumulation of silica. Solifluction: Slow flow of saturated soil on a permanent frozen soil (permafrost table). Solution: Dissolving of minerals into solution (e.g. calcium carbonate into bicarbonate). Surface crusting (soil sealing): A process which results in the formation of soil crusts on the soil surface, ranging in thickness from a few mm to perhaps as much as 3 cm, that is much mor compact, hard and brittle, when dry, than the material immediately beneath. Surface runoff (overland flow): Discharge of rainwater over the surface of the land. Surface runoff is composed of unconcentrated and concentrated flow.

PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH Suspension: The floating of dispersed particles in a medium like water. It is one of the states of particle transport of eroded sediments, especially for the smaller and lighter particles such as clay. Synthesis: The biochemical formation of a new compound by combination of elements or constituents.  

Upward movement – PERGERAKAN KE ATAS: Weathering - PELAPUKAN: PROSES – PROSES GENESIS TANAH Upward movement – PERGERAKAN KE ATAS: Movement of dissolved or suspended matter by capillarity. Weathering - PELAPUKAN: All physical and chemical changes produced in rocks, at or near the earth's surface, by atmospheric agents.