CROPPING SYSTEM dan crops-livestock production systems Artharini I

Cropping system Pola dan praktek penanaman dalam suatu lahan Monoculture vs polyculture

Cropping Systems 1. Monoculture (one crop) 2. Polyculture (many crops) a) crops separated in time: crop rotation, cover crops b) crops at same land and time: intercropping/mixed cropping c) combinations: relay cropping

Intercropping

Intercropping Row Mixed Smith et al., 2001

Types of Intercropping Mixtures of crops (no rows) Alternate rows or strips Relay cropping – 2nd crop planted during life cycle of first crop May have various combinations of these !!

1. 2. Pearl millet & Groundnut 3 1. 2. Pearl millet & Groundnut 3. Buckwheat cover crop in potato cropping system

Multilayer cropping system

Multi storey crooping system

Fig. 1. Barley, soybean, and corn crops in a 15 foot strip intercropping system in Northeast Iowa.

Determining Intercrop Advantage – Land Equivalent Ratio = amount of monocultured land needed to produce same yield as intercrop Photo: Thomas Wright Photo: P. E. Hildebrand

Land Equivalent Ratio I1 I2 ---- + ---- LER = RY1 + RY2 = M1 M2 = amount of monocultured land needed to produce same yield as intercrop Yield of crop 2 grown as intercrop Yield of crop 2 grown as monoculture I1 I2 ---- + ---- M1 M2 LER = RY1 + RY2 =

Land Equivalent Ratio = amount of monocultured land needed to produce same yield as intercrop If LER > 1 intercrop is more efficient If LER < 1 monoculture is more efficient Yield of crop 2 grown as intercrop Yield of crop 2 grown as monoculture I1 I2 ---- + ---- M1 M2 LER = RY1 + RY2 =

LER example Corn Soybean Corn monoculture 4000 Soybean monoculture Soybean monoculture 1000 Intercrop 3000 750 (kg/ha)

Land Equivalent Ratio I1 I2 ---- + ---- LER = RY1 + RY2 = M1 M2 Yield of crop 2 grown as intercrop Yield of crop 2 grown as monoculture I1 I2 ---- + ---- M1 M2 LER = RY1 + RY2 = Corn I/M = 3000/4000 Soybean I/M = 750/1000

Land Equivalent Ratio I1 I2 ---- + ---- LER = RY1 + RY2 = M1 M2 ---- + ---- M1 M2 LER = RY1 + RY2 = LER = 3000/4000 + 750/1000 = 0.75 + 0.75 = 1.50 Corn Soybean

Land Equivalent Ratio 0.5 + 0.5 is expected just based on land area 1.5 ha of land needed to produce same amount through monoculture LER = 3000/4000 + 750/1000 = 0.75 + 0.75 = 1.50 Corn Soybean

Crops-livestock production system

Sistem produksi tanaman & ternak Integrasi yg saling menguntungkan antara : 1. sistem tan. Pangan 2. ternak 3. tanaman pakan ternak

Bagan interaksi TANAMAN PANGAN TERNAK PUPUK PAKAN PUPUK & TENAGA MULSA PUPUK & ME-I EROSI TANAMAN PAKAN

Erosion Control

Fungsi ternak Fungsi fisik : mghasilkan daging, susu, telur dsb Tenaga kerja : pengolahan lahan Manure ternak sbg pupuk, bahan bakar dan bangunan Tabungan : - long term saving - semi annual suplementary cash income (tambahan) : kambing, domba,babi - instant petty cash/home meat supply Kelestarian lingkungan : penggunaan pupuk kandang sebagai pupuk untuk mencegah degenerasi lahan dan menjaga ekosistem tanah

Tujuan pemeliharaan ternak Akumulasi modal Menguragi resiko, ternak < usahatani tanaman Menyediakan jasa (tenaga kerja,pupuk,bahan bakar) Sumber penghasilan Menyediakan makanan (produk ternak) Meningkatkan status/prestise petani Memenuhi kebutuhan kultural (sesajen, kurban,dll)

Sistem integrasi tmt dlm sist. produksi tanaman dan ternak Integrated tree cropping system Silvi pastural system/agroforestry system Intercropping (food-food intercropping) Companion crop (food-feed intercropping) Alley cropping Relay cropping Live fence system Three Strata Forage system

Sistem integrasi tmt dlm sist. produksi tanaman dan ternak Integrated tree cropping system Sistem penanaman tanaman pohon secara terpadu. Contoh : 1. penanaman tmt (rumput dan legum) di perkebunan kelapa 2. penanaman tmt semak atau pohon sebagai naungan di perkebunan kopi dan kakao atau vanili

Sistem integrasi tmt dlm sist. produksi tanaman dan ternak Silvi pastural system/agroforestry system penanaman tmt bersama-sama dengan tanaman hutan atau penanaman tanaman hutan yg bisa dimanfaatkan sebagai pakan ternak. Contoh : - Penanaman sesbania, leucaena, akasia,albizia di hutan - Penanaman rumput dibawah/sela2 tan. hutan

Sistem integrasi tmt dlm sist. produksi tanaman dan ternak Intercropping (food-food intercropping) = tumpang sari = penanaman tan. Pangan secara bersama2 dg tan. Pangan lain Contoh : - tan. Padi dan jagung - ketela pohon dengan jagung - kedele dengan jagung - kedele dengan ketela pohon

Sistem integrasi tmt dlm sist. produksi tanaman dan ternak Companion crop (food-feed intercropping) penanaman ta. Pangan bersama-sama dg tmt. contoh : - padi gogo dengan jagung sbg pakan ternak - padi-jagung dg stylo/desmodium

Sistem integrasi tmt dlm sist. produksi tanaman dan ternak Alley cropping penanaman tan.pangan / hortikultura diantara 2 baris tmt Relay cropping Sistem penanaman dimana satu tan. Ditanam sblm tan. yg lain (pertama) dipanen Contoh : - padi/jagung dg kedele/kcg hijau - ketela pohon dg jagung/padi gogo

Sistem integrasi tmt dlm sist. produksi tanaman dan ternak Live fence system Penanaman tan. Pakan ternak sebagai pagar hidup (legum pohon) Three Strata Forage system (STS)