Phylum Arthropoda Kelas Insecta - jumlah spesies sangat bervariasi - jumlah individu sangat melimpah - penyebaran sangat luas (di seluruh dunia) Kelas Arachnida : - laba-laba - tungau Class Crustacea : jenis udang Dll. (centipedes, millipedes, etc.)

Insects vs Arachnids (Mites, Spiders)

Siklus hidup serangga 1. Metamorfosis sederhana /tidak sempurna : telur – nimfa – imago(dewasa) 2. Metamorfosais sempurna : telur – larva- pupa – imago(dewasa) 3. Some exceptions #1 and #2 apply to most agricultural pests

Simple Metamorphosis Egg Nymphs Adult – has full-size wings, functional reproductive system

Simple Metamorphosis Nymphs Molt Molt Instar Instar

Simple Metamorphosis Egg Nymphs Adult – has full-size wings, functional reproductive system Usually 4-6 instars, resemble adults, smaller size Same food and environment for nymphs and adults

Complete Metamorphosis Corn Earworm Pupa Egg Adult – very different from larva Larva – several instars, important feeding stage

Complete Metamorphosis Life stages are important because ecology, food habits, and management of different stages can be different Example: butterflies and moths Larva – feeds as damaging caterpillar Adult – beneficial as plant pollinator

Hubungan tanaman dengan serangga Hama (Herbivora) Recyclers of Organic Materials ( pengurai/ dekomposer) Predators, parasites Pollinators (penyerbuk)

Serangga Herbivora Apabila secara ekonomi menimbulkan kerugian status HAMA Dijumpai berbagai jenis kerusakan : akar, batang, daun, bunga, buah bahkan sampai bahan yang disimpan

Serangga Detritivora Serangga yang menguraikan zat organik menjadi senyawa karbon yang lebih sederhana. Contoh : Rayap Colembola Kumbang tanah Kumbang bangkai dll.

Serangga Penyerbuk Hubungan serangga penyerbuk ini dengan tumbuhan SALING MENGUNTUNGKAN Hubungan : - mutualisme - komensalisme - parasitisme

Serangga Karnivora Karnivora

PREDATOR dalam satu siklus hidupnya - Ukuran lebih besar daripada Membunuh & memangsa banyak hewan dalam satu siklus hidupnya - Ukuran lebih besar daripada mangsanya

PARASITOID Parasitoid : serangga yang menumpang pada serangga lain yang menyebabkan kerugian pada inangnya Biasanya setiap individu serangga parasitoid hanya memerlukan satu ekor inang dalam satu siklus hidupnya.

Survey of insects – Major groups (orders) of ag pests or beneficials Dragonflies Orthoptera and relatives (mantids, roaches) Thrips True bugs (Hemiptera) Piercing-sucking insects (Homoptera) Beetles Nerve-winged insects (Neuroptera) Butterflies and moths Bees, wasps, and ants Flies Etc.

Survey of Insects Dragonflies --- beneficial predators of flying insects Praying mantids --- beneficial predators Roaches --- recycling in some ag systems Grasshoppers, Crickets --- can be serious ag pests

Tawny Mole Cricket

Thrips Thrips palmi

Thrips Almost microscopic in size, fringed wings Beneficial pollination in flowers Most are plant pests Some carry plant viruses

Virus Vectors Vector = carrier of virus Viruses in plants Transmitted by insects, etc. Vector feeds on infected plant acquires virus feeds and passes virus to other plants

True Bugs Squash bug Note typical appearance

True Bugs Piercing-sucking mouthparts Some important pests, e.g., stink bugs Some predators