HUKUM DIPLOMATIK, KONSULER DAN MISI KHUSUS DR. WISNU DEWANTO

KONVENSI WINA 1961 PEMBUKAAN “Believing that an international convention on diplomatic intercourse, privileges and immunities would contribute to the development of friendly relations among nations, irrespective of their differing constitutional and social systems” “Realizing that the purpose of such privileges and immunities is not to benefit individuals but to ensure the efficient performance of the functions of diplomatic missions as representing states” “Affirming that the rules of customary international law should continue to govern questions not expressly regulated by the provision of the present Convention”

PASAL 1 Head of the mission  orang yang dikirim oleh negara pengirim untuk bertugas dalam kapasitasnya Members of the mission  kepala misi dan anggota staf diplomatik Members of the staff of the mission  anggota dari staf diplomatik, staf administrasi dan teknis dan staf pelayanan dari misi Members of diplomatic staff  anggota dari staf diplomatik yang memiliki ranking diplomatik Diplomatic agent  kepala misi atau anggota staf diplomatik Members of the administrative and technical staff  anggota staf yang dipekerjakan di bidang administrasi dan teknis Members of the service staff  anggota staf diplomatik dalam pelayanan domestik misi diplomatik Private servant  orang yang melakukan pelayanan domestik dari anggota diplomatik dan bukan pegawai dari negara pengirim Premises of the mission  gedung atau bagian dari gedung termasuk tanah yang digunakan untuk kepentingan misi diplomatik termasuk rumah dari kepala misi

PASAL 2 “The establishment of diplomatic relations between states and of permanent diplomatic missions takes place by mutual consent”

PASAL 3 Fungsi perwakilan diplomatik: Representing Protecting Negotiating Ascertaining dan reporting Promoting

PASAL 4 Negara pengirim harus memastikan kepada negara penerima mengenai persetujuan atas kepala misi yang akan ditempatkan Negara penerima tidak wajib untuk memberikan alasan kepada negara pengirim atas penolakan persetujuan tersebut

PASAL 8 Anggota misi secara prinsip harus warganegara negara pengirim Anggota misi tidak boleh ditunjuk dari orang-orang memiliki kewarganegaraan negara penerima kecuali mendapat persetujuan dari negara penerima yang dapat ditarik sewaktu-waktu Negara penerima dapat menggunakan hak yang sama terkait warganegara negara ketiga yang bukan warganegara dari negara pengirim

PASAL 9 Persona non grata either recall the person concerned or terminate his functions with the mission. A person may be declared non grata or not acceptable before arriving in the territory of the receiving state Jika sampai batas waktu yang wajar negara pengirim tidak memenuhi kewajibannya untuk menarik yang bersangkutan maka negara penerima dapat menolak mengakui orang tersebut sebagai anggota misi

PENYERAHAN SALINAN SURAT KEPERCAYAAN KEPADA MENLU Proses penyerahan salinan surat kepercayaan adalah momen yang sangat penting karena ini menandai akan dimulainya tugas dan fungsi duta besar yang baru. Pasal 13 Ayat 1: “The head of the mission is considered as having taken up his functions in the receiving State either when he has presented his credentials or when he has notified his arrival and a true copy of his credentials has been presented to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the receiving State, …”

PASAL 22 The premises of the mission shall be inviolable. The agent of the receiving state may not enter them, except with the consent of the head of the mission. The receiving state is under a special duty to take all appropriate steps to protect the premises of the mission against any intrusion or damage and to prevent any disturbance of the peace of the mission or impairment of its dignity. The premises of the mission, their furnishings and other property thereon and the means of transport of the mission shall be immune from search, requisition, attachment or execution.

ARTIKEL RENE VARK Judul: The Siege of the Estonian Embassy in Moscow: Protection of a Diplomatic Mission and Its Staff in the Receiving State Introduction: Negara menjalin hubungan diplomatik sebagai perwakilan negara dan melindungi kepentingan nasional serta warganegaranya Pejabat diplomatik diberikan hak kekebalan dan keistimewaan untuk menjalankan fungsinya dengan baik Bahaya bagi misi diplomatik dan pejabat diplomatik adalah berasal dari penguasa lokal juga orang atau kelompok tertentu yang bertindak atas nama sendiri maupun perintah dari negara penerima Permasalahannya adalah negara penerima tidak peduli bahkan membiarkan situasi mengancam tetap berlanjut, seperti yang terjadi di Kedubes Estonia di Moskow, yang diancam, diblokade dan diserang dari tanggal 27 April s.d. 5 Mei 2007

LANJUTAN... Background: Peyerang dimulai setelah Pemerintah Estonia memindah tugu kenang-kenangan perang, the Bronze Soldier, dari Tallinn Estonia beranggapan bahwa tugu tersebut adalah simbol dari penjajahan Rusia Komunitas Rusia tidak setuju karena di bawah tugu tersebut ada kuburan tentara Rusia Rencana pemindahan tersebut membuat komunitas Estonia dan Rusia terbelah menjadi dua Warganegara Rusia protes dan mengepung Kedubes Estonia. Selama 9 hari mereka mengganggu dan menyerang orang-orang yang keluar masuk Kedubes

LANJUTAN... Different Aspects of Physical Protection: Ada 3 hal yang harus dijamin terkait dengan perlindungan fisik, yaitu: Inviolability of the premises Personal inviolability Freedom of movement

INVIOLABILITY OF THE PREMISES Prohibition to enter the premises of the mission: Larangan ini bersifat mutlak, termasuk polisi, pemadam kebakaran dan lainnya Meskipun negara penerima memiliki dasar yang kuat bahwa Kedubes digunakan untuk kegiatan yang tidak sesuai dengan fungsi diplomatik, negara penerima tetap dilarang masuk Spanyol memutuskan hubungan diplomatik dengan Guatemala setelah polisi Guatemala memaksa masuk ke Kedubes Spanyol untuk menyelamatkan Dubes dan staff dari para penyandera Protes kepada Qaddafi di Kedubes Libya di Inggris dan Kedubes Libya meminta Inggris untuk mencegah demonstran, jika tidak mereka tidak mau bertanggungjawab atas apa yang terjadi Ada orang yang menembakkan senjata ke arah demonstran dari Kedubes Libya dan melukai beberapa dan menewaskan polisi Inggris

LANJUTAN... Polisi meminta ijin untuk masuk dan melakukan penyelidikan, tetapi ditolak oleh pihak Libya Dalam travaux preparatoires dari Pasal 22 mengatakan “the premises of the mission do not lose inviolability in the event of inappropriate use of the premises...” Karena tidak ada penyelesaian, maka Dubes dan staff Libya di persona non grata, dan kemudian polisi Inggris melakukan penyelidikan ke dalam gedung diplomatik Libya dengan ditemani oleh diplomat dari Kedubes Arab Saudi

LANJUTAN... Duty to protect the premises of the mission: Kewajiban ini menekankan pada “positive obligation” dari negara penerima Negara penerima harus melakukan tindakan perlindungan yang lebih daripada yang lain Di Amerika Serikat ada larangan mendekat ke Kedubes dalam jarak 500 kaki, tetapi tidak serta merta larangan tersebut berlaku karena kebebasan berpendapat dan berkumpul adalah kebebasan asasi yang fundamental dan dilindungi oleh hukum nasional dan perjanjian internasional. Negara penerima hanya memastikan agar demonstrasi tidak tak terkontrol dan hak kekebalan dan keistimewaan tidak terciderai karena demonstrasi tersebut Kasus di Kedubes Estonia, Rusia tidak melakukan perlindungan sebagaimana diatur dalam Konvensi Wina 1961

INVIOLABILITY OF THE PERSON Prinsip personal inviolability adalah prinsip dalam customary international law Personal inviolability meliputi 2 hal: Diplomat tidak boleh menjadi target untuk penangkapan atau penahanan Negara penerima harus memperlakukan diplomat dengan baik dan penuh rasa hormat serta harus mengambil tindakan yang tepat untuk mencegah dari penyerangan, kebebasan dan kehormatan Permasalahan di Kedubes Estonia adalah serangan oleh aktivis Nashi terhadap Dubes Estonia, Marina Kaljurand

FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT Kemampuan untuk melakukan perjalanan secara bebas di negara penerima merupakan hal yang sangat penting bagi misi diplomatik Menemui warganegaranya di negara penerima Profesor Grigory Tunkin menyatakan bahwa “negara penerima juga boleh melarang diplomat untuk memasuki wilayah-wilayah tertentu demi kepentingan dan keamanan nasional.” Pada masa Uni Sovyet, delegasi Uni Sovyet memperingatkan negara-negara pihak pada Konvensi Wina bahwa Pasal 26 tidak berlaku bagi Uni Sovyet karena Uni Sovyet melarang diplomat untuk melakukan perjalanan lebih dari 50 km dari Moskow Pasal 26: “subject to its law and regulations concerning zones entry into which is prohibited or regulated for reasons of national security, the receiving state shall ensure to all members of the mission freedom of movement and travel in its territory.”

PROF. SUMARYO SURYOKUSUMO Dalam bukunya Hukum Diplomatik: Teori dan Kasus menyatakan bahwa ada istilah externa ratione dan interna ratione dalam perlindungan terhadap premises

PASAL 23 The sending state and the head of the mission shall be exempt from all national, regional or municipal dues and taxes in respect of the premises of the mission, whether owned or leased, other than such represent payment for specific services rendered. The exemption from taxation referred to this article shall not apply to such dues and taxes payable under the law of the receiving state by persons contracting with the sending state or the head of the mission. Lihat: Pasal 34, 35 dan 36

PENOLAKAN DUTA BESAR/DIPLOMAT Pasal 4 Ayat 2: “The receiving State is not obliged to give reasons to the sending State for a refusal of agreement.” Pasal 9 Ayat 1: “The receiving State may at any time and without having to explain its decision, notify the sending State that the head of the mission or any member of the diplomatic staff of the missions is persona non grata … A person may be declared non grata or not acceptable before arriving in the territory of the receiving State.”

PERSONA GRATA Pengangkatan duta besar memerlukan persetujuan dari negara penerima, namun staf diplomatik di bawah duta besar tidak memerlukan persetujuan dari negara penerima Negara pengirim meminta persetujuan (agreement) dari negara penerima dari duta besar dengan melampirkan CV dari calon duta besar yang ditunjuk Jawaban dari negara penerima dapat dilakukan secara lisan maupun secara tertulis Dalam hal negara penerima tidak menjawab dalam waktu yang lama, maka dapat diasumsikan bahwa negara penerima tidak setuju

KASUS PENOLAKAN SECARA EKSEPSIONAL (TELAH MENDAPAT PERSETUJUAN) Kasus Seyeb Mohammed Malaek dari Iran Malaek telah diterima menjadi Duta Besar Iran untuk Swiss Amerika Serikat tidak senang atas penerimaan tersebut, dengan alasan bahwa Malaek pernah menjadi salah seorang pemimpin dari tindakan penyanderaan atas Kedutaan Besar Amerika Serikat di Teheran, Iran Empat negara lain juga menunjukkan ketidaksenangan atas penerimaan Malaek Kasus H.B.L. Mantiri dari Indonesia Pemerintah Australia telah memberikan persetujuannya Parlemen Australia menolak karena ia dianggap melakukan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia di Dili, Timtim

PERSONA NON GRATA Penolakan terhadap calon duta besar diatur dalam Pasal 4 KW 1961, sedangkan penolakan kepada staf diplomatik di bawah duta besar diatur dalam Pasal 9 Ayat 1 KW 1961 Penolakan calon duta besar: Kasus Duke of Birmingham, di mana seorang calon duta besar Inggris untuk Perancis ditolak menjadi duta besar oleh Perancis karena dianggap bersikap “sangat menjengkelkan” kepada Pemerintah Perancis karena berani “main mata” dengan Ratu Perancis saat berkunjung ke Paris sebelumnya Kasus Mr. Keiley, calon duta besar Amerika Serikat untuk Italia, di mana ia ditolak karena memprotes aneksasi Italia atas Papal State. Selain itu, ia juga ditolak Austria karena isterinya adalah seorang Yahudi

LANJUTAN … Kasus Mr. Watler Cutler, calon Duta Besar Amerika Serikat untuk Iran Ia tidak dapat diterima sebagai duta besar karena peranannya ketika masih menjadi Duta Besar Amerika Serikat di Zaire Kasus Mr. Archer K. Blood Ditolak masuk ke Afghanistan karena ia pernah bertugas di negara tersebut pada saat rejim sebelumnya Kasus Mr. Branden H. Grove Ia ditolak oleh Pemerintah Kuwait sebagai Duta Besar Amerika Serikat karena pernah menjadi Konsul Jenderal Amerika Serikat di Israel

PERSONA NON GRATA KARENA KEGIATAN POLITIK/SUBVERSIF Kasus Mr. Dunba, Duta Besar Austro-Hongaria untuk Amerika Serikat, di mana Pemerintah Amerika Serikat meminta kepada negara pengirim untuk menarik pulang Mr. Dunba karena dianggap telah mencampuri urusan dalam negeri Amerika Serikat karena telah menghasut dan merekrut warganegara Amerika Serikat sebagai mata-mata Kasus Mr. H. Gaisford, Duta Besar Inggris untuk Guatemala, di mana Pemerintah Guatemala meminta kepada Kerajaan Inggris untuk menarik Mr. Gaisford karena dituduh mencampuri urusan dalam negeri Guatemala dengan memberikan suaka kepada warga Guatemala yang dituduh melakukan tindakan subversif

LANJUTAN … Kasus Duta Besar Libya di Mesir yang di-persona non grata karena membagikan selebaran yang menghasut dan bersifat permusuhan terhadap Pemerintah Mesir di bawah Presiden Anwar Sadat Kasus Kapten Boyed dan Kapten Von Papen, Atase Militer Jerman untuk Amerika Serikat, yang diusir karena terlibat pada kegiatan-kegiatan politik yang bersifat subversif

PERSONA NON GRATA KARENA MELANGGAR HUKUM Misi perwakilan diplomatik dan para staf-nya diberikan hak keistimewaan dan kekebalan diplomatik, dan diperluas hingga pada keluarganya yang tinggal bersama (Pasal 22 s.d. 41 KW 1961) Pasal 22 Ayat 1: “The premises of the mission shall be inviolable. The agents of the receiving State may not enter them, except with the consent of the head of the mission.” Pasal 23 Ayat 1: “The sending State and the head of the mission shall be exempt from all national, regional and municipal dues and taxes …” Pasal 24: “The archives and documents of the mission shall be inviolable …” Pasal 27 Ayat 3: “The diplomatic bag shall not be opened or detained.”

LANJUTAN … Pasal 29: “The person of diplomatic agent shall be inviolable. He shall not be liable to any form of arrest or detention. …” Pasal 30 Ayat 1: “The private residence of a diplomatic agent shall enjoy the same inviolability and protection as the premises of the mission.” Pasal 31 Ayat 1: “A diplomatic agent shall enjoy immunities from the criminal jurisdiction of the receiving State. …” Pasal 31 Ayat 2: “A diplomatic agent is not obliged to give evidence as a witness.” Pasal 37 Ayat 1: “The members of the family of a diplomatic agent forming part of his household shall, if they are not nationals of the receiving State, enjoy the privileges and immunities specified in articles 29 to 36.”

LANJUTAN … Kasus Diplomat Korea Utara di negara-negara Skandinavia: Diplomat Korea Utara melakukan penyelundupan dan penjualan obat-obat terlarang, alkohol dan rokok. Pasal 42: “A diplomatic agent shall not in the receiving State practise for personal profit any professional or commercial activity.” Denmark mengusir seluruh Duta Besar dan staf diplomatik Korea Utara dalam waktu 6 hari Finlandia mengusir Kuasa Usaha dan staf diplomatik Korea Utara karena mereka menggunakan Finlandia sebagai tempat transit Swedia dan Norwegia juga mengusir staf diplomatik Korea Utara

LANJUTAN … Kasus Steven J. Bryner & Peter M. Karajin III, staf diplomatik Amerika Serikat di Indonesia: 7 Februari 1994 mereka ditangkap karena terlibat perdagangan dan pengedaran obat bius Polisi mengeledah rumah Bryner dan Karajin, dan menemukan barang-barang bukti lain Pihak Kedutaan Besar Amerika Serikat protes atas pengeledahan dan penahanan kedua staf diplomatik tersebut Pemerintah Indonesia menyerahkan kedua tersangka kepada Kedutaan Besar Amerika Serikat dan diadili di Pengadilan Militer Amerika Serikat di Guam

PERSONA NON GRATA KARENA KEGIATAN SPIONASE Salah satu fungsi diplomatik yang tercantum dalam Pasal 3 Ayat 1(d) adalah “Ascertaining by all lawful means conditions and developments in the receiving State, and reporting thereon to the Government of the sending State.” Tuduhan yang bersifat sangat subyektif telah menyebabkan Amerika Serikat dan USSR pada saat itu saling mengusir diplomatnya pada tahun 1986, di mana USSR mengusir 11 diplomat dan Amerika Serikat mengusir 75 diplomat agar jumlah staf diplomat kedua negara seimbang Kasus Letkol. Sergei P. Egorove, Atase Militer USSR di Indonesia, di mana ia bersama temannya Finenko melakukan transaksi rahasia atas dokumen negara dengan Letkol. Sus Daryanto Letkol. Egorove selanjutnya diserahkan kepada Kedutaan Besar USSR dan menyatakan persona non grata kepadanya

TEORI-TEORI TENTANG PEMBERIAN HAK KEKEBALAN Teori perwakilan (representative theory) Teori ekstrateritorial (extraterritorial theory) Teori fungsi (functional necessity theory)

WAIVER OF IMMUNITY Pasal 32 Ayat 1: “The immunity from jurisdiction of diplomatic agents and of persons enjoying immunity under article 37 may be waived by the sending State.” Pasal 37 Ayat 1: “The members of the family of a diplomatic agent forming part of his household shall, if they are not nationals of the receiving State, enjoy the privileges and immunities specified in articles 29 to 36.”

LANJUTAN … Kasus Sekretaris III dari Kedutaan Besar Zambia di London, Inggris: Menggunakan kantong diplomatik untuk menyelundupkan heroin Polisi melakukan pengeledahan dan pemeriksaan di sebuah rumah yang ternyata ditempati oleh Sekretaris III Kedutaan Besar Zambia Sekretaris III menuntut hak kekebalan berdasarkan Pasal 30 Ayat 1 Polisi menghentikan pengeledahan dan pemeriksaan Kedutaan Besar Zambia protes kepada Menteri Luar Negeri Inggris atas pengeledahan tersebut Menteri Luar Negeri minta maaf atas kejadian tersebut Kementerian Luar Negeri Inggris meminta kepada Duta Besar Zambia untuk menanggalkan hak kekebalan Sekretaris III

LANJUTAN … Duta Besar Zambia berkonsultasi dengan Presiden Zambia Presiden Zambia memerintahkan agar kekebalan Sekretaris III ditanggalkan Sekretaris III ditangkap dan diajukan ke pengadilan di Inggris Alasan Presiden Zambia atas keputusannya menanggalkan hak kekebalan diplomatik: Diplomatic immunity was never intended to prevent the investigation of serious crimes. I myself have a horror of all addictive drugs. It destroys human beings … I feel I am acting to protect my people and also the people of Britain and indeed of the whole world. When the request for the waiver of immunity reached me, I did not hesitate for a second. It was, I am told, an almost unprecedented action. But in this fight we all must wage against this terrifying menace, I am convinced that I am right.

LANJUTAN … Kasus Sekretaris II Kedutaan Besar Thailand di London, Inggris (1992) Ia terlibat penyelundupan heroin Pemerintah Inggris meminta kepada Pemerintah Thailand untuk menanggalkan hak kekebalannya Pemerintah Thailand menyetujui dan selanjutnya ditangkap dan diadili di Inggris Kasus Duta Besar Zaire untuk Perancis (1996) Ia mengendarai mobil dalam keadaan mabuk dan berkecepatan tinggi Ia menabrak 2 anak-anak hingga tewas Pemerintah Perancis meminta kepada Pemerintah Zaire untuk menanggalkan hak kekebalannya Pemerintah Zaire setuju dan selanjutnya ia diadili di Perancis

LANJUTAN … Kasus Makharadze, Diplomat Senior Republik Georgia di Amerika Serikat Ia mengendarai mobil dalam keadaan mabuk dan berkecepatan tinggi Ia menabrak seorang gadis kecil usia 10 tahun hingga tewas dan melukai 4 lainnya Pemerintah Georgia semula berpedoman pada ketentuan Konvensi Wina 1961, yaitu Makharadze memiliki hak kekebalan dan ia akan dipanggil pulang ke negaranya Menlu Amerika Serikat meminta kepada Presiden Georgia untuk menanggalkan hak kekebalannya Presiden Georgia setuju dan akhirnya Makharadze ditangkap dan diadili di Amerika Serikat

KEWARGANEGARAAN PEJABAT DIPLOMATIK Kewarganegaraan pejabat diplomatik seyogyanya adalah berasal dari negara pengirim Pasal 38 KW 1961 memberikan hak kekebalan dan keistimewaan kepada warganegara atau permanent residence negara penerima secara terbatas, yaitu berkaitan dengan tugas dan fungsinya

KAPAN DUTA BESAR MENIKMATI HAK KEKEBALAN? Menurut Oppenheim, ada 3 kemungkinan kapan seorang Dubes menikmati hak kekebalan, yaitu: Pada saat ia diterima (disetujui) sebagai Dubes di negara penerima Pada saat formal reception oleh Kepala Negara dari negara penerima Pada saat ia memasuki wilayah teritorial dari negara penerima

CONTOH-CONTOH KASUS Dubes Rumania di Swiss, di mana ia belum menyerahkan surat kepercayaan kepada Kepala Negara, ia terlibat sebuah kejahatan. Saat diajukan ke pengadilan ia menolak karena ini merupakan pelanggaran terhadap hukum kebiasaan dan perjanjian internasional. Pengadilan Swiss menganggap bahwa yang bersangkutan belum menikmati hak kekebalan karena ia belum menyerahkan surat kepercayaan kepada Kepala Negara. Oppenheim tidak sependapat karena ini menyangkut hak untuk tidak diganggu gugat dan keselamatan. Menurutnya, ketika yang bersangkutan telah diterima (disetujui) sebagai Dubes, maka hak kekebalan tersebut mulai dinikmati

LANJUTAN... Pendapat Oppenheim ini ada benarnya karena: Yang bersangkutan membawa paspor dinas dan visa diplomatik Negara penerima telah menyetujui yang bersangkutan sebagai Dubes Keberadaan Pasal 40 Konvensi Wina 1961

PASAL 39 Mulai menikmati kekebalan dan keistimewaan ketika “enters the territory of the receiving State” ... Kekebalan dan keistimewaan akan berakhir ketika “at the moment he leaves the country or on expiry of a reasonable period which to do so, but shall subsist until that time” ... Dalam hal kematian pejabat diplomatik, keluarga akan tetap menikmati hak kekebalan dan keistimewaan Dalam hal kematian anggota diplomatik yang bukan warganegara dari negara pengirim

PASAL 40 Pejabat diplomatik yang “passes through or is in the territory of a third State” ...baik menuju ke atau kembali dari pos penempatannya akan tetap menikmati hak kekebalan dan keistimewaan Negara ketiga tidak boleh menghalangi hak lintas dari pejabat diplomatik dan keluarganya Negara ketiga diminta untuk menghormati “diplomatic courier and diplomatic bags” ...

MENGHORMATI HUKUM NASIONAL NEGARA PENERIMA Pasal 41: “Without prejudice to their privileges and immunities, it is the duty of all person enjoying such privileges and immunities to respect the laws and regulations of the receiving State. They also have a duty not to interfere in the internal affairs of that State.” ... Kantor perwakilan “must not be used in any manner incompatible with the function of the mission” ...

PASAL 42 “A diplomatic agent shall not in the receiving State practise for personal profit any professional or commercial activity.”

BERAKHIRNYA TUGAS DAN FUNGSI PEJABAT DIPLOMATIK Pasal 43: Pemberitahuan dari negara pengirim kepada negara penerima bahwa tugas dan fungsi pejabat diploamtik telah berakhir Pemberitahuan dari negara penerima kepada negara pengirim, atas dasar Pasal 9 Ayat 2, bahwa negara penerima menolak untuk mengakui pejabat diplomatik tersebut sebagai anggota misi diplomatik

KEADAAN KONFLIK Pasal 44: adanya konflik bersenjata Pasal 45: putusnya hubungan diplomatik

PASAL 48 Open for signature: Until 31 October 1961 at the Foreign Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Austria Subsequently, until 31 March 1962 at the UN Headquarters in New York

PASAL 49 Konvensi ini “subject to ratification”...

PASAL 50 Konvensi tetap dibuka bagi negara yang ingin melakukan “accession”

PASAL 51 Konvensi ini “shall entry into force on the 30th day following the date of deposit of the 22nd instrument of ratification or accession” ... Untuk setiap negara yang melakukan ratifikasi atau aksesi atas Konvensi ini setelah penyimpanan instrumen ratifikasi atau aksesi ke 22, Konvensi ini “shall enter into force on the 30th day after deposit such State” ...

PROTOKOL TAMBAHAN Protokol Tambahan tentang Perolehan Kewarganegaraan Protokol Tambahan tentang Kewajiban Menyelesaikan Sengketa

KONVENSI WINA 1963 TENTANG HUBUNGAN KONSULER

HUBUNGAN KONSULER Pasal 2: The establishment of consular relations between States takes place by mutual consent. The consent given to the establishment of diplomatic relations between two States implies, unless otherwise stated, consent to the establishment of consular relations. The severance of diplomatic relations shall not ipso facto involve the severance of consular relations. Pasal 3: “Consular functions are exercised by consular posts. They are also exercised by diplomatic missions in accordance with the provisions of the present Convention.”

FUNGSI KONSULER Pasal 5 Konvensi Wina 1963: protecting in the receiving State the interests of the sending State and of its nationals, both individuals and bodies corporate, within the limits permitted by international law; furthering the development of commercial, economic, cultural and scientific relations between the sending State and the receiving State and otherwise promoting friendly relations between them in accordance with the provisions of the present Convention; ascertaining by all lawful means conditions and developments in the commercial, economic, cultural and scientific life of the receiving State, reporting thereon to the Government of the sending State and giving information to persons interested;

LANJUTAN... issuing passports and travel documents to nationals of the sending State, and visas or appropriate documents to persons wishing to travel to the sending State; helping and assisting nationals, both individuals and bodies corporate, of the sending State; acting as notary and civil registrar and in capacities of a similar kind, and performing certain functions of an administrative nature, provided that there is nothing contrary thereto in the laws and regulations of the receiving State; safeguarding the interests of nationals, both individuals and bodies corporate, of the sending States in cases of succession mortis causa in the territory of the receiving State, in accordance with the laws and regulations of the receiving State;

LANJUTAN... safeguarding, within the limits imposed by the laws and regulations of the receiving State, the interests of minors and other persons lacking full capacity who are nationals of the sending State, particularly where any guardianship or trusteeship is required with respect to such persons; subject to the practices and procedures obtaining in the receiving State, representing or arranging appropriate representation for nationals of the sending State before the tribunals and other authorities of the receiving State, for the purpose of obtaining, in accordance with the laws and regulations of the receiving State, provisional measures for the preservation of the rights and interests of these nationals, where, because of absence or any other reason, such nationals are unable at the proper time to assume the defence of their rights and interests;

LANJUTAN... transmitting judicial and extrajudicial documents or executing letters rogatory or commissions to take evidence for the courts of the sending State in accordance with international agreements in force or, in the absence of such international agreements, in any other manner compatible with the laws and regulations of the receiving State; exercising rights of supervision and inspection provided for in the laws and regulations of the sending State in respect of vessels having the nationality of the sending State, and of aircraft registered in that State, and in respect of their crews;

LANJUTAN... extending assistance to vessels and aircraft mentioned in subparagraph (k) of this article, and to their crews, taking statements regarding the voyage of a vessel, examining and stamping the ship’s papers, and, without prejudice to the powers of the authorities of the receiving State, conducting investigations into any incidents which occurred during the voyage, and settling disputes of any kind between the master, the officers and the seamen insofar as this may be authorized by the laws and regulations of the sending State; performing any other functions entrusted to a consular post by the sending State which are not prohibited by the laws and regulations of the receiving State or to which no objection is taken by the receiving State or which are referred to in the international agreements in force between the sending State and the receiving State.

THE EXEQUATUR Pasal 12: The head of a consular post is admitted to the exercise of his functions by an authorization from the receiving State termed an exequatur, whatever the form of this authorization. A State which refused to grant an exequatur is not obliged to give to the sending State reasons for such refusal. ...

PERSONA NON GRATA Pasal 23: The receiving State may at any time notify the sending State that a consular officer is persona non grata or that any other member of the consular staff is not acceptable. In that event, the sending State shall, as the case may be, either recall the person concerned or terminate his functions with the consular post. If the sending State refuses or fails within a reasonable time to carry out its obligations under paragraph 1 of this article, the receiving State may, as the case may be, either withdraw the exequatur from the person concerned or cease to consider him as a member of the consular staff. A person appointed as a member of a consular post may be declared unacceptable before arriving in the territory of the receiving State or, if already in the receiving State, before entering on his duties with the consular post. In any such case, the sending State shall withdraw his appointment. In the cases mentioned in paragraphs 1 and 3 of this article, the receiving State is not obliged to give to the sending State reasons for its decision.

BERAKHIRNYA TUGAS DAN FUNGSI PEJABAT KONSULER Pasal 25: The functions of a member of a consular post shall come to an end, inter alia: on notification by the sending State to the receiving State that his functions have come to an end; on withdrawal of the exequatur; on notification by the receiving State to the sending State that the receiving State has ceased to consider him as a member of the consular staff.

PERLINDUNGAN KANTOR PERWAKILAN KONSULER Pasal 27: In the event of the severance of consular relations between two States: the receiving State shall, even in case of armed conflict, respect and protect the consular premises, together with the property of the consular post and the consular archives; the sending State may entrust the custody of the consular premises, together with the property contained therein and the consular archives, to a third State acceptable to the receiving State; the sending State may entrust the protection of its interests and those of its nationals to a third State acceptable to the receiving State.

LANJUTAN... In the event of the temporary or permanent closure of a consular post, the provisions of subparagraph (a) of paragraph 1 of this article shall apply. In addition, if the sending State, although not represented in the receiving State by a diplomatic mission, has another consular post in the territory of that State, that consular post may be entrusted with the custody of the premises of the consular post which has been closed, together with the property contained therein and the consular archives, and, with the consent of the receiving State, with the exercise of consular functions in the district of that consular post; or if the sending State has no diplomatic mission and no other consular post in the receiving State, the provisions of subparagraphs (b) and (c) of paragraph 1 of this article shall apply.

TIDAK DAPAT DIGANGGUGUGATNYA GEDUNG KONSULER Pasal 31: Consular premises shall be inviolable to the extent provided in this article. The authorities of the receiving State shall not enter that part of the consular premises which is used exclusively for the purpose of the work of the consular post except with the consent of the head of the consular post or of his designee or of the head of the diplomatic mission of the sending State. The consent of the head of the consular post may, however, be assumed in case of fire or other disaster requiring prompt protective action. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 2 of this article, the receiving State is under a special duty to take all appropriate steps to protect the consular premises against any intrusion or damage and to prevent any disturbance of the peace of the consular post or impairment of its dignity. The consular premises, their furnishings, the property of the consular post and its means of transport shall be immune from any form of requisition for purposes of national defence or public utility. If expropriation is necessary for such purposes, all possible steps shall be taken to avoid impeding the performance of consular functions, and prompt, adequate and effective compensation shall be paid to the sending State.

LANJUTAN... Pasal 59: Protection of the consular premises “The receiving State shall take such steps as may be necessary to protect the consular premises of a consular post headed by an honorary consular officer against any intrusion or damage and to prevent any disturbance of the peace of the consular post or impairment of its dignity.”

KEBEBASAN BERKOMUNIKASI Pasal 35: Kebebasan berkomunikasi Pasal 36: Berkomunikasi dengan warganegara negara pengirim di negara penerima Pasal 37: Informasi atas kematian, hak asuh/perwalian, kecelakaan kapal di laut maupun di udara Pasal 38: Berkomunikasi dengan otoritas/penguasa dari negara penerima

PERLINDUNGAN PEJABAT KONSULER Pasal 40: “The receiving State shall treat consular officers with due respect and shall take all appropriate steps to prevent any attack on their person, freedom or dignity.”

LANJUTAN... Pasal 41: Personal inviolability Consular officers shall not be liable to arrest or detention pending trial, except in the case of a grave crime and pursuant to a decision by the competent judicial authority. Except in the case specified in paragraph 1 of this article, consular officers shall not be committed to prison or be liable to any other form of restriction on their personal freedom save in execution of a judicial decision of final effect. If criminal proceedings are instituted against a consular officer, he must appear before the competent authorities. Nevertheless, the proceedings shall be conducted with the respect due to him by reason of his official position and, except in the case specified in paragraph 1 of this article, in a manner which will hamper the exercise of consular functions as little as possible. When, in the circumstances mentioned in paragraph 1 of this article, it has become necessary to detain a consular officer, the proceedings against him shall be instituted with the minimum of delay.

LANJUTAN... Pasal 42: Notification on arrest, detention or persecution “In the event of the arrest or detention, pending trial, of a member of the consular staff, or of criminal proceedings being instituted against him, the receiving State shall promptly notify the head of the consular post. Should the latter be himself the object of any such measure, the receiving State shall notify the sending State through the diplomatic channel.”

LANJUTAN... Pasal 43: Immunity from Jurisdiction Consular officers and consular employees shall not be amenable to the jurisdiction of the judicial or administrative authorities of the receiving State in respect of acts performed in the exercise of consular functions. The provisions of paragraph 1 of this article shall not, however, apply in respect of a civil action either: arising out of a contract concluded by a consular officer or a consular employee in which he did not contract expressly or impliedly as an agent of the sending State; or by a third party for damage arising from an accident in the receiving State caused by a vehicle, vessel or aircraft.

LANJUTAN... Pasal 44: Liability to give evidence Members of a consular post may be called upon to attend as witnesses in the course of judicial or administrative proceedings. A consular employee or a member of the service staff shall not, except in the cases mentioned in paragraph 3 of this article, decline to give evidence. If a consular officer should decline to do so, no coercive measure or penalty may be applied to him. The authority requiring the evidence of a consular officer shall avoid interference with the performance of his functions. It may, when possible, take such evidence at his residence or at the consular post or accept a statement from him in writing. Members of a consular post are under no obligation to give evidence concerning matters connected with the exercise of their functions or to produce official correspondence and documents relating thereto. They are also entitled to decline to give evidence as expert witnesses with regard to the law of the sending State.

PENANGGALAN HAK ISTIMEWAAN DAN HAK IMUNITAS Pasal 45: The sending State may waive, with regard to a member of the consular post, any of the privileges and immunities provided for in articles 41, 43 and 44. The waiver shall in all cases be express, except as provided in paragraph 3 of this article, and shall be communicated to the receiving State in writing. The initiation of proceedings by a consular officer or a consular employee in a matter where he might enjoy immunity from jurisdiction under article 43 shall preclude him from invoking immunity from jurisdiction in respect of any counterclaim directly connected with the principal claim. The waiver of immunity from jurisdiction for the purposes of civil or administrative proceedings shall not be deemed to imply the waiver of immunity from the measures of execution resulting from the judicial decision; in respect of such measures, a separate waiver shall be necessary.

KEWAJIBAN NEGARA KETIGA Pasal 54: If a consular officer passes through or is in the territory of a third State, which has granted him a visa if a visa was necessary, while proceeding to take up or return to his post or when returning to the sending State, the third State shall accord to him all immunities provided for by the other articles of the present Convention as may be required to ensure his transit or return. The same shall apply in the case of any member of his family forming part of his household enjoying such privileges and immunities who are accompanying the consular officer or travelling separately to join him or to return to the sending State. In circumstances similar to those specified in paragraph 1 of this article, third States shall not hinder the transit through their territory of other members of the consular post or of members of their families forming part of their households. Third States shall accord to official correspondence and to other official communications in transit, including messages in code or cipher, the same freedom and protection as the receiving State is bound to accord under the present Convention. They shall accord to consular couriers who have been granted a visa, if a visa was necessary, and to consular bags in transit, the same inviolability and protection as the receiving State is bound to accord under the present Convention. The obligations of third States under paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 of this article shall also apply to the persons mentioned respectively in those paragraphs, and to official communications and to consular bags, whose presence in the territory of the third State is due to force majeure.

MENGHORMATI PERATURAN HUKUM NEGARA PENERIMA Pasal 55: Without prejudice to their privileges and immunities, it is the duty of all persons enjoying such privileges and immunities to respect the laws and regulations of the receiving State. They also have a duty not to interfere in the internal affairs of the State. The consular premises shall not be used in any manner incompatible with the exercise of consular functions. The provisions of paragraph 2 of this article shall not exclude the possibility of offices of other institutions or agencies being installed in part of the building in which the consular premises are situated, provided that the premises assigned to them are separate from those used by the consular post. In that event, the said offices shall not, for the purposes of the present Convention, be considered to form part of the consular premises.

PERSIDANGAN PIDANA Pasal 63: “If criminal proceedings are instituted against an honorary consular officer, he must appear before the competent authorities. Nevertheless, the proceedings shall be conducted with the respect due to him by reason of his official position and, except when he is under arrest or detention, in a manner which will hamper the exercise of consular functions as little as possible. When it has become necessary to detain an honorary consular officer, the proceedings against him shall be instituted with the minimum of delay.”

FUNGSI KONSULER DILAKSANAKAN OLEH MISI DIPLOMATIK Pasal 70: The provisions of the present Convention apply also, so far as the context permits, to the exercise of consular functions by a diplomatic mission. The names of members of a diplomatic mission assigned to the consular section or otherwise charged with the exercise of the consular functions of the mission shall be notified to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the receiving State or to the authority designated by that Ministry. In the exercise of consular functions a diplomatic mission may address: the local authorities of the consular district; the central authorities of the receiving State if this is allowed by the laws, regulations and usages of the receiving State or by relevant international agreements. The privileges and immunities of the members of a diplomatic mission referred to in paragraph 2 of this article shall continue to be governed by the rules of international law concerning diplomatic relations.

FINAL PROVISIONS Pasal 74: Tandatangan Pasal 75: Ratifikasi Pasal 76: Aksesi Pasal 77: Keberlakuan (entry into force)

KONVENSI NEW YORK 1969 TENTANG MISI KHUSUS

MISI KHUSUS Pasal 1 (a): “A temporary mission representing the State which is sent by one State to another State with the consent of the latter for the purpose of dealing with it on specific question or of performing in relation to it a specific task”

SEJARAH MISI KHUSUS Misi khusus juga sering disebut dengan “ad hoc diplomatic” Konvensi Misi Khusus ini disetujui melalui Resolusi MU PBB Nomor 2530 (XXIV) pada tanggal 8 Desember 1969 Konvensi ini dibuat untuk melengkapi Konvensi Wina 1961 dan 1963 Tugas dan fungsi misi khusus adalah “membicarakan isu-isu yang telah ditentukan oleh kedua negara atau lebih, di sampaing mempercayakannya kepada perwakilan yang bersifat permanen, seperti perwakilan diplomatik dan konsuler di negara penerima.”