Sunnah/Hadith as the Second Source of Islamic Law Muhamad Rofiq

Hadis /sunnah secara istilah: PENGERTIAN Secara bahasa: الْجَدِيدُ (baru) اَلْحَدِيْثُ، لُغَةً الْخَبَرُ (kabar/berita) Hadis /sunnah secara istilah: مَا أُضِيْفَ إِلَى النَّبِيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم قَوْلاً أوْ فِعْلاً أو تَقْرِيرًا Segala hal yg disandarkan kpd Nabi saw, baik berupa perkataan, perbuatan dan persetujuan beliau. “Whatever is transmitted from the Prophet of his actions, sayings and tacit approvals”.

Types of SUNNAH Sunnah qauliyah (saying) Sunnah fi’liyah (action) Sunnah taqririyah (tacit approval)

FUNGSI HADIS terhadap al-Quran 1. al-ta’kîd / al-taqrîr: Utk mempertegas apa yg telah dinyatakan dalam Al-Quran. Contoh : hadis yang menekankan pentingnya iman dan akhlak yang juga menjadi perintah dalam al-Quran. 2. al-tafsîr / al-tawdlîh: Untuk menjelaskan Al-Quran dengan merinci ayat yang bersifat global. Contoh: Hadis tentang tatacara berwudlu, tatacara shalat, puasa, tatacara zakat, dll.

3. al-tasyrî‘: Menambahkan hukum yg tidak didapati dlm Al-Quran 3. al-tasyrî‘: Menambahkan hukum yg tidak didapati dlm Al-Quran. contoh: haramnya emas dan sutra bg laki-laki, dll.

UNSUR HADIS Sanad/ سَنَدٌ Sekumpulan orang yang meriwayatkan hadis Nabi secara beruntun.   2.  Matan/ مَتَنٌ, Lafal hadis yg mengandung informasi mengenai Nabi.

Every hadeeth consists of two sections Every hadeeth consists of two sections. The first section is a list of all those who transmitted the saying of the Prophet beginning with the last transmitter to the one who collected it in his book and ending with the companion who narrated it from the Prophet. The second section is the narrated saying, action, approval or physical description of the Prophet. The first portion is known as the isnaad or the SANAD (chain of narrators) and the second is called the MATN (text).

Contoh: HR. al-Bukhâri (No: 16) ttg Manisnya Iman: حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْمُثَنَّى قَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُالْوَهَّابِ الثَّقَفِيُّ قَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا أَيُّوبُ عَنْ أَبِي قِلاَبَةَ عَنْ أَنَسِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ رَضِي اللَّه عَنْهم عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ: ثَلاَثٌ مَنْ كُنَّ فِيهِ وَجَدَ حَلاَوَةَ الْإِيمَانِ أَنْ يَكُونَ اللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ أَحَبَّ إِلَيْهِ مِمَّا سِوَاهُمَا وَأَنْ يُحِبَّ الْمَرْءَ لاَ يُحِبُّهُ إِلاَّ لِلَّهِ وَأَنْ يَكْرَهَ أَنْ يَعُودَ فِي الْكُفْرِ كَمَا يَكْرَهُ أَنْ يُقْذَفَ فِي النَّارِ Muhammad bin al-Mutsanna telah menceritakan kepada kami (Bukhari), ia berata: Abdul Wahhab al-Tsaqafi telah menceritakan kepada kami, ia berkata: Ayyub telah menceritakan kepada kami, dari Abu Qilabah, dari Anas bin Malik Ra. Dari Nabi Sa. Beliau bersabda: Tiga orang yang bisa mendapatkan manisnya iman, yaitu: orang yang mencintai Allah dan rasul-Nya lebih dari selain keduanyan, orang yang mencintai seseorang hanya karena Allah dan orang yang membencii kembali kepada kekufuran, seperti ia benci dilempar ke api neraka.

Sanad hadis di atas adalah: أَنَسِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ (و 91 ه) أَبِي قِلاَبَةَ (و 103 ه) أَيُّوبُ (و 131 ه) عَبْدُالْوَهَّابِ الثَّقَفِيُّ (194 ه) مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْمُثَنَّى (252 ه) الْبُخارىّ (256 ه) Adapun lafal ثَلاَثٌ مَنْ كُنَّ فِيهِ hingga فِي النَّارِ adalah matan hadis.

HADIS SHAHIH : Hadis yg diriwayatkan oleh periwayat yg ‘adil (muslim yg memiliki integritas akhlaq), sempurna kekuatan hapalannya, bersambung sanad-nya, tidak bertentangan dengan yang lebih kuat & tidak memiliki kecacatan tersembunyi. “A Hadeeth Saheeh is one which has a continuous isnaad, made up of trustworthy narrators who have good and precise memory, which is found to be free from any incoherencies and irregularities or defects.”

Classification of sunnah on the basis of its nature of application

Legal Sunnah (Sunnah tashriyyah) Prophetic activities and instructions as the Prophet (SM), as the Head of the State and as Judge

Non-legal Sunnah (Sunnah Ghayr tashriyyah) Natural activities of the Prophet (Al-afal-al-jibilliyyah), e.g., The manner in which he ate, slept, dressed and such other activities, which do not form a part of Shariah. This is called adat (habit) of the Prophet As for the acts and sayings of the Prophet that related to particular circumstances, e.g., strategy of war, including such devices that misled the enemy forces, timing of attack, siege or withdrawal, these too are considered to be situational and not a part of the Shariah. 

Hadith qudsi A Hadith Qudsi (plural Ahadith Qudsiyyah) is a statement where Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) reports a statement and he refers it directly to Allah.

The differences between hadith qudsi and the quran The Qur'an was revealed to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) verbatim, i.e. its words and meanings are both from Allah. The Qur'an was revealed via Angel Jibreel The words of the Qur'an are miraculous or inimitable (mu'jizah). The Qur'an is recited in formal prayers (salah) The Hadith Qudsi was not a verbatim revelation, its words are from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). Hadith Qudsi may have been inspired by other ways, such as in the form of a dream. The words of the Hadith Qudsi are not of this nature the Hadith Qudsi cannot be recited in prayers.

Some SELECTED HADITHS

Hadith about drinking wine لَعَنَ اللَّهُ الْخَمْرَ، وَلَعَنَ شَارِبَهَا وَسَاقِيَهَا، وَعَاصِرَهَا وَمُعْتَصِرَهَا، وَحَامِلَهَا، وَالْمَحْمُولَةَ إِلَيْهِ، وَبَائِعَهَا، وَمُبْتَاعَهَا، وَآكِلَ ثمنها ]رواه ابو داود و ابن ماجه[ “Allah has cursed Khamr (intoxicants – alcohol, wine, etc.), the one who drinks it, the one who pours it for others, the one who sells it, the one who buys it, the one who makes it, the one who it is made for, the one who carries it, the one who it is carried to and the one who consumes the money from its sale.” Allah melaknat peminum khamar, yang menyuguhkannya, yang menjualnya, yang membelinya, yang membuatnya, yang meyuruh membuat, yang memanggul dan yang menerimanya” (Hadits riwayat Abu Daud dan Ibnu Majjah).

Hadith about khalwat (seclusion) "a man cannot be alone with a woman except along with a male relative [of hers]." [Bukhari & Muslim]

KEEPING DOG عن ابْنِ عُمَرَ رَضِىَ اللهُ عَنْهُماَ عَنِ النَّبِىِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ : مَنِ اقْتَنَى كَلْبًا لَيْسَ بِكَلْبِ مَاشِيَةٍ أَوْ ضَارِيَةٍ ، نَقَصَ كُلَّ يَوْمٍ مِنْ عَمَلِهِ قِيرَاطَانِ (رواه البخاري و مسلم) Dari Ibnu Umar Ra, dari Nabi Saw. beliau bersabda: “barangsiapa yang memelihara anjing, selain anjing ternak dan anjing untuk berburu, maka berkuranglah setiap hari dari perbuatannnya dua qirath” (HR. Bukhari dan Muslim) It was narrated that Ibn ‘Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said: “I heard the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) say: ‘Whoever keeps a dog, except a dog that is trained for hunting or a dog for herding livestock, his reward will decrease each day by two qeeraats.’” (Bukhaari; Muslim)

Criterion of choosing wife or husband عنْ أبِيْ هُرَيْرَةَ – رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ – عَنِ النَّبِيِّ – صَلّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلّمْ – قَالَ: تُنْكَحُ المَرْأةُ لِأَرْبَعٍ: لمِالِهَا، وَلِحَسَبِهَا، وَلِجَمَالِهَا، وَلِدِيْنِهَا فَاظْفَرْ بِذَاتِ الدِّيْنِ تَرِبَتْ يَدَاكْ ]رواه مسلم[ "A woman is married for her deen, her wealth or her beauty. You must go for the one with deen, may your hands be in the dust! (if you fail to heed)" [Muslim] Dari Abu Hurairah – rhadiyallahu anhu – dari Nabi Muhammad SAW, beliau berkata: “Seorang perempuan dinikahi karena empat perkara, karena hartanya, karena kedudukannya, karena kecantikannya, (atau) karena agamanya. Pilihlah yang beragama, maka kau akan beruntung,

Preserving Environment عَنْ مُعَاذِ بْنِ جَبَلٍ قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم : اتَّقُوا الْمَلاَعِنَ الثَّلاَثَ الْبَرَازَ فِى الْمَوَارِدِ وَقَارِعَةِ الطَّرِيقِ وَالظِّلِّ )رواه أبو داود( Mu`adh (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Prophet warned, "Beware of the three acts that cause you to be cursed: relieving yourselves in shaded places (that people utilize), in a walkway or in a watering place.« Dari Muadz ibn Jabal, ia berkata. Rasulullah saw bersabda: “Takutilah tiga perkara yang menimbulkan laknat: buang air besar di saluran air (sumber air), di tengah jalan dan di tempat orang berteduh.” (H.R. Abu Dawud)

ANTI CORRUPTION عَنِ النَبِيِّ صَلَّي الله عَلِيْهِ وَسَلّمَ قَالَ مَنْ اسْتَعْمَلنَاهُ عَلَي عَمَلٍ فَرَزَقْنَاهُ رِزْقًا فَمَا أخَذَ بَعْدَ ذلِكَ فَهْوَ غُلُوْلٌ (رواه أبو داود) “Siapa saja yang telah aku angkat sebagai pekerja dalam satu jabatan kemudian aku berikan gaji, maka sesuatu yang diterima di luar gajinya adalah korupsi (ghulul).” (HR. Abu Dawud) "When we appoint someone to a (public) post and provide him with an allowance, anything he takes beyond that is an ill-gotten gain. (Abu Dawud)