Psychosocial Factors Modulating Immunity b. Strengthening influences Positive social relationships appear to act as a buffer against stress induced immune changes. (Taylor, 1999) Positive social relationships appear to act as a buffer against stress induced immune changes. (Taylor, 1999)

Psychosocial Factors Modulating Immunity Sense of control ‘social connectedness’ brings, should individual be faced with difficult life challenge, appears more influential on general health than any other single physiological, lifestyle or psychological factor e.g. serum cholesterol, blood pressure, alcohol intake, smoking, exercise, obesity, SES/income/good job & active positive coping methods (House et al 1988; Syme, 1998) Sense of control ‘social connectedness’ brings, should individual be faced with difficult life challenge, appears more influential on general health than any other single physiological, lifestyle or psychological factor e.g. serum cholesterol, blood pressure, alcohol intake, smoking, exercise, obesity, SES/income/good job & active positive coping methods (House et al 1988; Syme, 1998)

Psychosocial Factors Modulating Immunity ‘Social connectedness’ measure: ‘Social connectedness’ measure: “Can you count on anyone to provide you with emotional support? (i.e. talk over problems or help make difficult decisions)” “Can you count on anyone to provide you with emotional support? (i.e. talk over problems or help make difficult decisions)”

Psychosocial Factors Modulating Immunity Other factors that appear to moderate relation between stress & immune functioning: Other factors that appear to moderate relation between stress & immune functioning: - Optimism about one’s situation & engaging in active coping buffers against academic stress. In studies of medical & law students (Segerstrom cited in Taylor,1999) pessimistic, avoidance coping students evidenced less NK cell cytotoxicity & fewer T cells

Psychosocial Factors Modulating Immunity In response to stress of medical training students using self-hypnosis as coping skill show modest effects in NK cell numbers NK cell activity (Whitehouse et al., 1996) In response to stress of medical training students using self-hypnosis as coping skill show modest effects in NK cell numbers NK cell activity (Whitehouse et al., 1996) - Other coping strategies that may relate to the stress-immune functioning relationship: - exercise activates beta-endorphins which may stimulate NK cell activity and so buffer against stress-related immune changes

Tipe Orang Yang Rentan Terhadap Stresor Psiko-sosial Fenomena Galen (200 AD) Perempuan melankolis lebih rentan menderita kanker payudara dp sanguin

Tipe sanguinis Lugu, polos, energik dan selalu melakukan hal yang cerdik, lebih menghayati kehidupan yang menyenangkan, menarik dan mengilhami orang lain. Ceria, kuat, ekspresif dan menyenangkan bagi siapa saja Tipe melankolis Mendalam, penuh pikiran dan analistis, serius, tekun, jenius dan intelek, berbakat, kreatif, menyukai daftar, bagan, diagram, grafik, sadar perincian, tertib, terorganisasi, tertaur, rapi, perfeksionis, ekonomis, penuh perhatian dan belas kasihan yang mendalam mencari teman hidup yang ideal.

Sanguin type

Termenung & Harapan yang tinggi Selalu dirinya harus berhasil

Asuhan keperawatan Asuhan keperawatan Dampak hospitalisasi dapat diminimalkan oleh Ners Dampak hospitalisasi dapat diminimalkan oleh Ners Sistem Imun Dapat Di Modulasi Melalui Sumber Psiko-sosial

Holistik Konvensional, dinyatakan bahwa mind-body-spirit tidak terpisahkan. Konvensional, dinyatakan bahwa mind-body-spirit tidak terpisahkan. Kesehatan manusia terkait berbagai faktor, yaitu : Kesehatan manusia terkait berbagai faktor, yaitu : Sikap seseorang Sikap seseorang Tata nilai, Tata nilai, Kepercayaan, Kepercayaan, Sistem pendukung, dan Sistem pendukung, dan Lingkungan. Lingkungan.

Komprehensif Pelayanan menyeluruh Pelayanan menyeluruh Menghasilkan penyembuhan lebih efektif dan harmoni ( Dacher, 1993; Zengerlevy, 2004 ). Menghasilkan penyembuhan lebih efektif dan harmoni ( Dacher, 1993; Zengerlevy, 2004 ).

Pemeriksaan Fisik Sentuhan perawat penuh keikhlasan Penuh perhatian Menunjukkan sikap altruistik & profesionalisme yang tinggi Rasa Nyaman Imunomodulasi