* TOEFL MATERIAL FOR STRUCTURE

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* TOEFL MATERIAL FOR STRUCTURE Skill 19 Page 202 SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS Singular Noun : Kata Benda Tunggal Biasanya diawali dengan kata: each, every, single, one, a. Semua kata benda yang diawali dengan kata – kata tersebut harus dalam bentuk tunggal, tidak boleh ada penanda jamak, seperti penambahan –s/-es. Example: each persons salah seharusnya each person tanpa –s. * Plural Noun : Kata Benda Jamak Biasanya diawali dengan kata: both, two, seven, many, several various. semua kata benda yang diawali dengan kata – kata tersebut wajib dalam bentuk jamak, sehingga perlu penanda jamak seperti –s/-es. Example: both students; twenty children; many boxes.

* Skill 20 Page 203 Countable and Uncountable Nouns Countable Noun: kata benda yang bis a dihitung. Biasanya diawali dengan kata: many, number, few, fewer. Kata benda ini bisa ditambah dengan –s/-es untuk penanda jamak. example: many journeys, few people, a number of children, etc. Uncountable Noun: Kata benda yang tidak bisa dihitung. Biasanya diawali dengan kata: much, amount, title, less. Kata benda ini tidak bisa ditambah dengan –s/-es untuk penanda jamak. example: much money, amount of salt, little water, etc.

* Skill 21 page 207 SUBJECT And OBJECT PRONOUN Setiap pronoun memiliki bentuk subject and Object tersendiri. Subject: berarti dia melakukan pekerjaan/kegiatan. Object: berarti di dikenai pekerjaan/kegiatan. Example I go to school. (Subject) Mother called me. (Object) You study hard. (Subject) Tuti loves you. (Object) They come on time. (Subject) I invited them. (Object) We won the game. (Subject) The teacher gave us prize. (Object) He admired Jenny. (Subject) Father punished him. (Object) She loves her cat. (Subject) Everybody likes her. (Object) Subject Object I me You you They them We us He him She her It it

SKILL 22: POSSESSIVE Page 208 Possessive: bentuk kepemilikan. Possessive Possessive Adjective Pronoun My ____ Mine Your____ Yours His ____ His Her___ Hers Its_____ - (tidak ada) our___ Ours Their___ theirs Ada dua bentuk possessive: Possessive adjective (perlu kata benda ) Possessive pronoun (tidak perlu kata benda) Example: This is my book. This book is mine. That is your magazine. That is yours.

* Skill 23: PRONOUN REFERENCE Page 210 Pastikan setiap pronoun dan possessive sesuai dengan kata benda yang diacunya. kata benda yang diacu oleh pronoun umumnya muncul sebelim pronoun tersebut. Example: The cookies are for you, so please take it. (cookies bentuk jamak, maka pronoun it salah, seharusnya them). Each person has to sign their application form. (karena each= tunggal, maka tidak boleh menggunakan their tetapi his/her.) The soup needs more salt because he does not taste very good. (soup adalah inanimate object/benda mati, sehingga tidak boleh memakai pronoun he, tetapi menggunakan it.

* SKILL 24: ADJECTIVE and ADVERB Page 213 - 214 * ADJECTIVE : kata sifat. Fungsi: menerangkan Noun (kata Benda), Noun Phrase (frasa benda), dan pronoun (Kata ganti/ I, you, they, we, he, she, it) Example: beautiful, slow, quick, hard-working, blue, white, etc. Biasanya muncul setelah to be (am, is, are, was, were, been) Example: My sister is beautiful. * ADVERB: Kata keterangan (cara) Fungsi: menerangkan kata kerja. Biasanya ada merupakan bentuk kata sifat dengan akhiran –ly. Example: beautifully, slowly, quickly, fast , hard, well (dari kata good), etc. Biasanya muncul setelah kata kerja. Example: I study hard everyday. He drives his car quickly.

* Skill 25 : Adjective after Linking Verbs Page 215 Adjective/kata sifat biasanya muncul setelah to be. Akan tetapi kata sifat juga bisa muncul setelah Linking Verb. Linking Verb : kata kerja yang berfungsi untuk menghubungkan Subject dengan kata sifat. Linking Verb, antara lain: appear, be, become, feel, look, prove, seem, smell, taste. Cara membedakan kapan menggunakan Adverb atau Adjective setelah Linking Verb: Setelah Linking verb langsung adjective (tanpa dipisahkan object). Ex. The pizza tastes delicious. Setelah Linking Verb menggunakan object, sehingga diikuti Adverb. Ex. I taste the pizza deliciously.