PHARMACEUTICAL CARE & DRUG RELATED PROBLEMS (DRP’s) MATA KULIAH FARMAKOTERAPI I PHARMACEUTICAL CARE & DRUG RELATED PROBLEMS (DRP’s) Dhanang Prawira Nugraha Departemen Farmasi Klinis STIKes Karya Putra Bangsa Tulungagung dhanang.prawira.nugraha.apt@gmail.com © Dhanang | 2017

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REFERENSI WAJIB © Dhanang | 2017

REFERENSI WAJIB Dipiro, joseph T., Talbert. Robert L., Yee, Gary C., Matzke, Gary R., Wells, Barbara G., Posey, L. Michael., 2011, PHARMACOTHERAPY A PATHOPHISIOLOGIC APPROACH 8TH EDITION, New York, McGraw Hill Alldredge, Brian L., Corelli, Robin L., Ernst Michael E., Guglielmo B. Joseph., Jacobson, Pamala A., Kardjan, Wayne A., Williams, Bradley R., 2013, KODA-KIMBLE & YOUNG’S APPLIED THERAPEUTIC OF CLINICAL USE OF DRUGS. Philadelphia, Lippincot williams & wilkins, Neal, Michael J.,2012., MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY AT A GLANCE, london, wiley-blackwell Brunton, Laurence L., Chabner, Bruce A., Knollman, Bjorn C., 2012, GOODMAN GILLMAN THE PHARMACOLOGICAL BASIS OF THERAPEUTIC, 12TH EDITION., New York., McGraw Hill. Cipolle, Robert J., Robert J. Cipolle, Peter C. Morley, and Robert J. Cipolle. 2012. PHARMACEUTICAL CARE PRACTICE. New York: McGraw-Hill. Kasper, Dennis L., Hauser, Stephen L., Jameson, J. Larry., Fauci, Anthony S., Longo, Dan L., Loscalzo, Joseph., HARISSON’S PRINCIPLE INTERNAL MEDICINE 19TH EDITION., New York., McGraw Hill Walker., Roger., Whittlesea, Cate., 2012, CLINICAL PHARMACY AND THERAPEUTICS, London, Churchill livingstone. Chisholm-Burns MA, Wells BG, Schwinghammer TL, Malone P, Kolesar J, Rotschafer J, et al. PHARMACOTHERAPY PRINCIPLES & PRACTICE. McGraw-Hill New York; 2010. Sukandar E yulinah, Andrajati R, Sigit JI, Adayana IK, Setiadi antonius A priyatno, Kusnandar. Iso Farmakoterapi. penerbit ISFI; 2008. Widyawati, PRAKTEK FARMASI KLINIK FOKUS PADA PHARMACEUTICAL CARE, Brilian Internasional, 2014 Scwinghammer, Terry L., Koehler, Julia M., 2011, PHARMACOTHERAPY CASEBOOK A PATIENT-FOCUSED APPROACH 8TH EDITION., New York, McGraw Hill Dhillon , Soraya., Raymond, Rebekah., 2009, PHARMACY CASE STUDY, London, Pharmaceutical Press © Dhanang | 2017

OUTLINES Sejarah & perkembangan Pharmaceutical Care Assesment DRUG RELATED Problem’s DRUG RELATED Problem’s ASHP DRUG RELATED Problem’s PCNE 6.2 Care plan Monitoring Therapy recomendation Counseling Follow up Evaluation © Dhanang | 2017

Sejarah & perkembangan Pharmaceutical Care Pharmaceutical care lahir dari kebutuhan untuk mengkuantifikasi pelayanan kefarmasian, sehingga pelayanannya dapat terukur. Menurut profesor linda strand pelayanan kefarmasian didefinisikan sebagai “responsible provision of drug therapy for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes than imporve a patient’s quality of life” Definisi tersebut mengandung makna bahwa Farmasis/apoteker memiliki tanggung jawab langsung terhadap pasien Tujuan pengobatan harus dapat dinilai dan jelas Outcomes (luaran) yang ingin dicapai bukan hanya kesembuhan semata akan tetapi lebih kepada bagaimana meningkatkan kualitas hidup pasien © Dhanang | 2017

Sejarah & perkembangan Pharmaceutical Care Menurut PCNE tahun 2013 “pharmacist’s contribution to the care of individuals in order to optimise medicine use and improve health outcomes” Hal ini mengandung makna bahwa seorang farmasis/apoteker Merupakan bagian dari tim kesehatan yang berkontribusi dalam perawatan pasien Mengopitmalkan terapi pasien dan meminimalkan resiko atau efek samping Outcomes (luaran) terapi pasien dengan adanya terapi yang optimal diharapkan akan meningkatkan kualitas hidup dari pasien © Dhanang | 2017

Sejarah & perkembangan Pharmaceutical Care Pelayanan kesehatan semakin kompleks dan terjadinya evolusi terhadap pelayanan kefarmasian sehingga tidak jarang munculnya kesalahpahaman antara profesi kesehatan lainnya pharmaceutical care tidak menggantikan dokter dan profesi lainnya Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dalam sistem pelayanan kesehatan lainya Banyaknya obat untuk seorang pasien Ledakan informasi obat Banyaknya obat yang beredar Meningkatnya kompleksitas terapi Adanya drug related problems Tingginya biaya pengobatan dan resiko akibat penggunaan obat yang tidak tepat © Dhanang | 2017

Sejarah & perkembangan Pharmaceutical Care © Dhanang | 2017

Sejarah & perkembangan Pharmaceutical Care Pharmacerutical care knowledge skill Function of personnel Data collection system Documentatio Transfer of information refrence Resource & equipment Communication skill Commitment to quality improvemnt & assement procedure © Dhanang | 2017

Therapy recomendation Pharmaceutical Care Skema Pharmaceutical Care Assesment database pasien Subjektif Objektif Problem medik Terapi Care plan Follow up Drug Related Problems monitoring Evaluation Therapy recomendation Counseling © Dhanang | 2017

ASSESSMENT - Definisi Drug Related Problem’s & © Dhanang | 2017

ASSESSMENT - Definisi Drug Related Problem’s Menurut PCNE (Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe) drug related problem’s didefinisikan sebagai “is an event or circumstance involving drug therapy that actually or potentially interferes with desired health outcomes.” Menurut ASHP (American Society of Health-System Pharmacists) “A drug therapy problem is any undesirable event experienced by a patient which involves, or is suspected to involve, drug therapy, and that interferes with achieving the desired goals of therapy.” Drug Related Problem’s menurut ASHP di sebut juga sebagai Drug Therapy Problems’s PCNE: peristiwa atau keadaan yang melibatkan terapi obat yang benar-benar atau berpotensi mengganggu hasil kesehatan yang diinginkan. ASHP: Masalah terapi obat adalah cara yang tidak diinginkan yang dialami oleh pasien yang melibatkan, atau dicurigai TERLIBAT, terapi obat, dan yang mengganggu pencapaian tujuan yang diinginkan dari terapi." © Dhanang | 2017

ASSESSMENT – Drug Related Problems ASHP Yang dibutuhkan terkait obat Kategori Indication Unnecessary drug therapy Needs additional drug therapy Effectiveness Ineffective drug Dosage too low Safety Adverse drug reaction Dosage too high Complience Noncompliance © Dhanang | 2017

ASSESSMENT – Drug Related Problems ASHP Unnecessary drug therapy There is no valid medical indication for the drug therapy at this time. Multiple drug products are being used for a condition that requires single drug therapy. The medical condition is more appropriately treated with nondrug therapy Drug therapy is being taken to treat an avoidable adverse reaction associated with another medication. Drug abuse, alcohol use, or smoking is causing the problem. © Dhanang | 2017

ASSESSMENT – Drug Related Problems ASHP Needs additional drug therapy A medical condition requires the initiation of drug therapy. Preventive drug therapy is required to reduce the risk of developing a new condition. A medical condition requires additional pharmacotherapy to attain synergistic or additive effects. © Dhanang | 2017

ASSESSMENT – Drug Related Problems ASHP Ineffective drug The drug is not the most effective for the medical problem. The medical condition is refractory to the drug product. The dosage form of the drug product is inappropriate. The drug product is not an effective product for the indication being treated. © Dhanang | 2017

ASSESSMENT – Drug Related Problems ASHP Dosage too low The dose is too low to produce the desired response. The dosage interval is too infrequent to produce the desired response. A drug interaction reduces the amount of active drug available. The duration of drug therapy is too short to produce the desired response. © Dhanang | 2017

ASSESSMENT – Drug Related Problems ASHP Adverse drug reaction The drug product causes an undesirable reaction that is not dose-related. A safer drug product is required due to risk factors. A drug interaction causes an undesirable reaction that is not dose-related. The dosage regimen was administered or changed too rapidly. The drug product causes an allergic reaction. The drug product is contraindicated due to risk factors. © Dhanang | 2017

ASSESSMENT – Drug Related Problems ASHP Dosage too high Dose is too high. The dosing frequency is too short. The duration of drug therapy is too long. A drug interaction occurs resulting in a toxic reaction to the drug product. The dose of the drug was administered too rapidly. © Dhanang | 2017

ASSESSMENT – Drug Related Problems ASHP Noncompliance The patient does not understand the instructions. The patient prefers not to take the medication. The patient forgets to take the medication. The drug product is too expensive for the patient. The patient cannot swallow or self-administer the drug product appropriately. The drug product is not available for the patient. © Dhanang | 2017

ASSESSMENT – Drug Related Problems PCNE Klasifikasi Code Kategori Problems P Treatment effectiveness Adverse reactions Treatment costs Others Causes C Drug selection Drug form Dose selection Treatment duration Drug use/administration process Logistics Patient Other Intervention I No intervention At prescriber level At patient (or carer) level At drug level Outcomes of intervention O Outcome intervention unknown Problem totally solved Problem partially solved Problem not solved © Dhanang | 2017

ASSESSMENT – Drug Related Problems PCNE Treatment effectiveness (P1) No effect of drug treatment/ therapy failure (P1.1) Effect of drug treatment not optimal (P1.2) Wrong effect of drug treatment (P1.3) Untreated indication (P1.4) Adverse Reactions Adverse drug events(non-allergic) (P2.1) Adverse drug events (allergic) (P2.2) Toxic adverse events (P2.3) © Dhanang | 2017

ASSESSMENT – Drug Related Problems PCNE Treatment Cost (P3) Drug treatment more costly than necessary (P3.1) Unnecessary drug-treatment (P3.2) Others Patient dissatisfied with therapy despite optimal clinical and economic treatment outcomes (P4.1) Unclear problem/complaint. Further clarification necessary (please use as escape only) (P4.2) © Dhanang | 2017

ASSESSMENT – Drug Related Problems PCNE CAUSES (C) Drug selection (C1) Inappropriate drug (incl. contra-indicated) (C1.1) No indication for drug (C1.2) Inappropriate combination of drugs, or drugs and food (C1.3) Inappropriate duplication of therapeutic group or active ingredient (C1.4) Indication for drug-treatment not noticed (C1.5) Too many drugs prescribed for indication (C1.6) More cost-effective drug available (C1.7) Synergistic/preventive drug required and not given (C1.8) New indication for drug treatment presented (C1.9) Drug Form Inappropiate drug form (C2.1) © Dhanang | 2017

ASSESSMENT – Drug Related Problems PCNE CAUSES (C) Dose Selection (C3) Drug dose too low (C3.1) Drug dose too high (C3.2) Dosage regimen not frequent enough (C3.3) Dosage regimen too frequent (C3.4) No therapeutic drug monitoring (C3.5) Pharmacokinetic problem requiring dose adjustment (C3.6) Deterioration/improvement of disease state requiring dose adjustment (C3.7) Treatment duration Duration Treatment too short (C4.1) Duration Treatment too long (C4.2) © Dhanang | 2017

ASSESSMENT – Drug Related Problems PCNE CAUSES (C) Drug use process (C5) Inappropriate timing of administration and/or dosing intervals (C5.1) Drug underused/ under-administered (deliberately) (C5.1) Drug overused/ over-administered (deliberately) (C5.2) Drug not taken/administered at all (C5.3) Wrong drug taken/administered (C5.4) Drug abused (unregulated overuse) (C5.5) Patient unable to use drug/form as directed (C5.6) Logistic (C6.1) Prescribed drug not available (C6.1) Prescribing error (necessary information missing) (C6.2) Dispensing error (wrong drug or dose dispensed) (C6.3) © Dhanang | 2017

ASSESSMENT – Drug Related Problems PCNE CAUSES (C) Patient (C7) Patient forgets to use/take drug (C7.1) Patient uses unnecessary drug (C7.2) Patient takes food that interacts (C7.3) Patient stored drug inappropriately others (C7.4) Others (C8) Other cause; specify (C8.1) No obvious cause (C8.2) © Dhanang | 2017

ASSESSMENT – Drug Related Problems PCNE Intervention (I) 0. No intervention (I0.0) At prescriber level (I1) Prescriber informed only (I1.1) Prescriber asked for information (I1.2) Intervention proposed, approved by Prescriber (I1.3) Intervention proposed, not approved by Prescriber (I1.4) Intervention proposed, outcome unknown (I1.5) At patient/carer level (I2) Patient (medication) counselling (I2.1) Written information provided only (I2.2) Patient referred to prescriber (I2.3) Spoken to family member/caregiver (I2.4) © Dhanang | 2017

ASSESSMENT – Drug Related Problems PCNE Intervention (I) At drug level (I3) Dose change to ....... (I3.1) Dosage changed to ....... (I3.2) Formulation changed to ....... (I3.3) Instructions for use changed to ....... (I3.4) Drug stopped (I3.5) New drug started (I3.6) Other intervention or activity (I2) Other intervention (specify) (I4.1) Side effect reported to authorities (4.2) © Dhanang | 2017

ASSESSMENT – Drug Related Problems PCNE Outcomes (O) 0. Not Known (O0.0) Solved (O1) Partially solved (O2) Not solved (O3) Problem not solved, lack of cooperation of patient (O4.1) Problem not solved, lack of cooperation of prescriber (O4.2) Problem not solved, intervention not effective (O4.3) No need or possibility to solve problem (O4.4) © Dhanang | 2017

CARE PLAN – Monitoring Monitoring terapi menjadi tanggung jawab farmasis/apoteker karena terkait dengan Pencapaian outcome Identifikasi DRP Monitoring yang dilakukan oleh farmasis/apoteker menantau terapi berdasarkan terapi obat yang diberikan memantau (mengamati, mencatat) data dan kondisi klinis terkait obat saja Monitoring dilakukan sesuai dengan tujuan dari terapi pasien © Dhanang | 2017

CARE PLAN – Monitoring © Dhanang | 2017

Clinical Pharmacokinetic CARE PLAN – Monitoring Monitoring Effectivity Clinical Pharmacokinetic Adverse Drug Reaction Drug interaction Side effect Toxicity © Dhanang | 2017

CARE PLAN – Monitoring Efektivitas terapi dinilai berdasarkan tercapai atau tidaknya tujuan terapi Nama obat Kondisi klinis TTV Parameter lab Antibiotik Nafsu makan, kondisi umum Nadi, suhu tubuh Leukosit Laju endap darah (LED) Antidiabetes Mual, muntah, poliuri, polidipsi, poli fagi penurunan kesadaran  hiperglikemia - GDP, GD2JPP, GDS Lemas, lapar, gemetar, pusing  hipoglikemia Anti hipertensi Pusing, nyeri kepala TD, Nadi Diuretik Acites & Edema GGA CHF Lingkar perut, edema, penurunan berat badan 0,5kg/hari jika disertai edema 1kg/hari Volume urin 24 jam Sesak nafas, volume urin 24 jam Nitrat Sesak, nyeri dada Statin Cholesterol total, LDL, HDL Fibrat Trigliserida © Dhanang | 2017

CARE PLAN – Monitoring Clinical pharmacokinetic atau Monitoring farmakokinetik (Therapeutic drug monitoring) pemantauan terkait kadar obat dalam plasma terkait penilaian efektivitas terapi maupun efek samping obat. Disarankan untuk obat dengan indeks terapi sempit seperti Digoxin Phenitoin Carbamazepin Asam valproat Aminoglikosida Amfoterisin B Dll TDM direkomendasikan pada keadaan Menunjukkan respon yang tidak lazim Adanya ESO/toksisitas Respon yang minimal pada dosis besar © Dhanang | 2017

CARE PLAN – Monitoring Monitoring Adverse drug reaction monitoring efek samping obat Tugas apoteker/farmasis untuk dapat mengidentifikasi ESO yang potensial yang akan terjadi sehingga dapat dicegah dan menindaklanjuti ESO yang aktual yang terjadi, sehingga penting bagi apoteker/farmasis untuk mengetahui tanda dan gejala ESO. ESO yang perlu diperhatikan oleh apoteker/farmasis ESO yang berakibat fatal ESO dengan frekuensi yang tinggi © Dhanang | 2017

CARE PLAN – Monitoring Parameter monitoring ESO beberapa golongan obat Nama obat Kondisi klinis TTV Parameter lab Penisilin, sefalosporin dan derivatnya Tanda alergi (rash, urtikaria pruritus) Suhu tubuh Eosinofil Anttidiabetes, insulin Tanda hipoglikemia - GDP, GD2JPP, GDS Captopril Batuk kering, rash, pruritus Kreatinin, BUN, bilirubin, kalium Beta-blocker Persisten bradikardi, dizziness, cold extrimites Nadi Diuretik pada GGA Hiperuricemia, blurred vision, Tinnitus Tekanan darah Asam urat, gula Statin Myostitis, rhabdomyolisis SGPT & SGOT Fibrat Lansoprazole Bone fracture Salbutamol Tremor, mual RR © Dhanang | 2017

CARE PLAN – Monitoring Monitoring Adverse drug reaction Monitoring interaksi obat Interaksi dapat bersifat potensial maupun aktual. Interaksi dikenali setelah muncul gejala dan tanda yang menetap pada pasien Interaksi obat dapat mempengaruhi pemeriksaan laboratorium Interaksi yang perlu diwaspadai adalah interaksi yang “clinically significant drug interaction” © Dhanang | 2017

CARE PLAN – Monitoring Manifestasi inteaksi obat clinically significant Nama obat Manifestasi klinis klinis Saran Erythromicin – teofilin Meningkatkan kadar teofilin Hindari pemberian kecuali dilakukan TDM Erythromicin – carbamazepine Meningkatkan kadar carbamazepine Hindari Erythromicin – digoxin Meingkatkan kadar digoxin Hindari pemberian kecuali dilakukan TDM digoxin Fenitoin – carbamazepine Meningkatkan kadar fenitoin Waspada toksisitas fenitoin, lakukan TDM Fenitoin – cimetidine Digoxin – amiodarone Meningkatkan kadar digoxin Waspada toksisitas digoxin, lakukan TDM Warfarin – ketokonazole Meningkatkan kadar antikoagulan Waspada bleeding, monitor INR Insulin – furosemide Meningkatkan kadar gula darah Naikkan dosis insulin Teofilin – cimetidine Waspada toksisitas teofilin, lakukan TDM © Dhanang | 2017

CARE PLAN – Monitoring Monitoring toksisitas terjadi karena dosis obat yang berlebihan atau terjadinya interaksi. Untuk mengetahui toksistas perlu diketahui tanda-tanda klinis maupun laboratorium Nama obat Tanda toksisitas Fenitoin Ataksia, nystagmus, blurred vision, slurred speech, dizzines, drowsiness, confusion, mood, changes, kadar plasma fenitoin > 100 µg  kematian Teofilin/aminofilin Muntah, agitasi, konvulsi, takikardi, pupil, dilatasi, tremor, insomnia, iritabilitas, hipokalemia Digoxin Perubahan ECG hiperkalemia, mual, muntah, blurred vision, perubahan tingkah laku, confusion, hearth block, Warfarin Perdarahan internal, coma, angina, nyeri abdomen, nyeri otot Paracetamol Tender hepatic edge, jaundice, coagulopathy, hypoglicemia, hepatic enlophaty Benzodizepine Dizzines, confusion, drowziines, unresponziveness, anxiety, , agitation © Dhanang | 2017

CARE PLAN – Recommendations Therapy The practitioner develops a plan of care that includes interventions to: Resolve drug therapy problems Achieve goals of therapy Prevent drug therapy problems. Measurement Criteria Each intervention is individualized to the patient's conditions, needs, and drug therapy problems. All appropriate therapeutic alternatives to resolve drug therapy problems are considered, and the best are selected. The plan is developed in collaboration with the patient, his/her family and/or care-givers, and health care providers, when appropriate. All interventions are documented. The plan provides for continuity of care by including a schedule for continuous follow-up evaluation. © Dhanang | 2017

EVALUATION – Counseling Konseling adalah suatu kegiatan bertemu dan berdiskusinya seseorang yang membutuhkan (klien) dan seseorang yang memberikan (konselor) dukungan dan dorongan sedemikian rupa sehingga klien memperoleh keyakinan akan kemampuannya dalam pemecahan masalah. Konseling yang diberikan atas inisiatif langsung dari Apoteker disebut konseling aktif konseling terjadi jika pasien datang untuk berkonsultasi pada apoteker untuk mendapatkan penjelasan tentang segala sesuatu yang berhubungan dengan obat dan pengobatan, bentuk konseling seperti ini disebut konseling pasif. Enam komponen konseling minimal yaitu: Nama obat, jumlahnya dan indikasinya Aturan pakai, cara dan lama pemakaian Interaksi obat Efek samping obat Pengaruh terhadap pola hidup, pola makan Cara penyimpanan © Dhanang | 2017

CARE PLAN – Evaluasi The Practitioner Develops a Schedule to Follow-Up and Evaluate the Effectiveness of Drug Therapies and Assess Any Adverse Events Experienced by the Patient. Measurement Criteria The clinical and laboratory parameters to evaluate effectiveness are established, and a timeframe for collecting the relevant information is selected. The clinical and laboratory parameters that reflect the safety of the patient's medications are selected, and a timeframe for collecting the relevant information is determined. A schedule for the follow-up evaluation is established with the patient. The plan for follow-up evaluation is documented. © Dhanang | 2017

Contoh Kasus Tn A, Usia: 61 th, BB: 60 kg TB: 165 cm. datang ke klinik dengan keluhan panas dan nyeri pada ulu hati dan mual disertai muntah, pasien muntah dengan warna coklat kehitam-hitaman. Pasien rutin mengkonsumsi “jamu” yang dibeli dipasar untuk mengobati pegal-linunya karena pasien bekerja sebagai tukang batu. Dokter mendiagnosa pasien dengan peptic ulcer disease induced NSAID TTV: TD 130/90 mmHg, RR: 20 x per menit,HR nadi: 80X/menit, suhu tubuh 37,50 C Dokter meresepkan: Novalgin 500 mg 3 x 1, antasida 3 x 3 tab, ranitidine 1 x 1, lansoprazole caps 3 x 1, ondansentrone tab 4 mg 3 x 1, amoxsan tab 500 mg 4 x 1 Saat mengambil obat apoteker menanyakan alergi obat kepada pasien dan pasien mengatakan punya alergi terhadap penisilin © Dhanang | 2017

Contoh Kasus Assesment Database pasien Subjektif Objektif Tn A, Usia: 61 th, BB: 60 kg TB: 165 cm Subjektif keluhan panas dan nyeri pada ulu hati dan mual disertai muntah, pasien muntah dengan warna coklat kehitam-hitaman pasien muntah dengan warna coklat kehitam-hitaman. Pasien rutin mengkonsumsi “jamu” yang dibeli dipasar Pasien memiliki alergi penisilin Objektif Tidak ada Problem medik Peptic ulcer disease Terapi methampyrone 500 mg 3 x 1, antasida 3 x 3 tab ranitidine 3 x 1 lansoprazole 3 x 1 ondansentrone tablet 4 mg 3 x 1 amoxicilin 500 mg 4 x 1 © Dhanang | 2017

Contoh Kasus Drug Related Problems menurut AHSP Adanya adverse drug events pasien mengalami alergi amoxicilin Pemilihan obat yang tidak tepat Methampyrone tidak tepat pada pasien tersebut Kombinasi 3 obat antiulcer tidak rasional dan efektif Penggunaan amoxicilin tidak diperlukan karena tidak adanya tanda infeksi Ondansentron tidak efektif untuk pasien tersebut Dosis obat terlalu tinggi antasida 3 x 3 tab, lansoprazole 3 x 1 Dosis obat terlalu rendah ranitidine 1 x 1 © Dhanang | 2017

Contoh Kasus Care plan Rekomendasi terapi Konseling Monitoring efektivitas: mual muntah, nyeri di ulu hati Efek samping obat: Rekomendasi terapi Sebaiknya antibiotik dihentikan karena tidak adanya tanda infeksi dan pasien mengalami alergi penisilin Untuk nyerinya pasien dapat digantikan dengan ibuprofen yang relatif lebih aman bagi lambung Penggunaan lansoprazole lebih efektif dalam pengobatan peptic ulcer yang disertai dengan perdararahan dibanding dengan ranitidine Penggunaan ondansetron sebaiknya dihentikan karena tidak efektif bagi pasien Lansoprazole dapat diberikan 2 kali sehari selama 1 bulan untuk mengobati peptic ulcer terkait dengan NSAID Konseling Nama obat, jumlahnya dan indikasinya Aturan pakai, cara dan lama pemakaian Interaksi obat Efek samping obat Pengaruh terhadap pola hidup, pola makan Cara penyimpanan © Dhanang | 2017

Contoh Kasus Follow up Evaluasi efektivitas terapi Evaluasi ADR © Dhanang | 2017

© Dhanang | 2017