Trias Mahmudiono, S.KM, MPH Departemen Gizi Kesehatan FKM UNAIR SEJARAH FILSAFAT Trias Mahmudiono, S.KM, MPH Departemen Gizi Kesehatan FKM UNAIR

Sejarah Ilmu Pengetahuan Pemikiran filsafat banyak dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan Pd dasarnya filsafat (Barat, India, Cina) muncul → sifat yg religius Di Yunani (mitos), India (Weda, Hindu), Cina (confusius) Barat: mitos → diganti rasio India: tidak pernah lepas induknya → Agama Hindu Pembagian periodisasi filsafat Barat → zaman (Kuno, Abad Pertengahan, Modern, Kini) Pembagian periodisasi filsafat Cina → zaman (Kuno, Pembaruan, Neo-Konfusionisme, Modern) Pembagian periodisasi filsafat India → periode (Weda, Wiracarita, Sutra-Sutra, Skolastik) Periode Filsafat Yunani → sangat penting → menjadi acuan

Historisitas Sejarah filsafat barat dibagi menjadi tiga, yaitu zaman Yunani Kuno dengan ciri pemikirannya bersifat kosmosentris Zaman Pertengahan dengan ciri pemikirannya yang bercorak teosentris Zaman Modern dengan ciri pemikirannya yang bercorak antroposentris Zaman Kontemporer dengan ciri pemikiran logosentris.

MITOS LOGOS YUNANI - KUNO ABAD TENGAH ABAD MODERN ABAD KONTEMPORER 6SM 3SM - 6M 14M 14-15M 18M 19M 20M RASIONALISME POSITIVISME EMPIRISME KRITISISME IDEALISME STRUKTURALISME FENOMENOLOGI NEOPOSITIVISME THEOLOGIAE ANCILLA RENAISSANCE AUFKLARUNG MITOS LOGOS FILSAFAT THEOLOGI ILMU CABANG FAKTOR HEURISTIK BIOLOGI ASTRONOMI MATEMATIKA FISIKA KIMIA SOSIOLOGI KOMPUTER PARIWISATA DLL. AGAMA FILSAFAT FILSAFAT

YUNANI KUNO MITOS ..... - 6SM LOGOS 3SM - 6M

FILSAFAT Phylo = menyenangi Sophia = bijaksana MITOLOGI Dongeng, Takhayul Pertanyaan timbul (ingin tahu) DE-MITOLOGI Dipikirkan (secara kritis) LOGOS (ilmu)

AIR APEIRON UDARA BILANGAN ATOM Apakah ARCHE dari segala sesuatu yang ada ? Thales (624 - 548 SM) AIR Anaximander (610 - 518 SM) APEIRON Anaximanes (590 - 518 SM) UDARA Phytagoras (580 - 500 SM) BILANGAN Demokritos (460 - 370 SM) ATOM

SOCRATES (469 - 399SM) PLATO (427 - 347 SM) ARISTOTELES (384 - 322 SM) Dialektika PLATO (427 - 347 SM) Rasionalisme ARISTOTELES (384 - 322 SM) Metafisika Logika Biologi Empirisme

Abad 0 – 6 M Abad 6 SM – 0 M Periode Kelahiran Nabi Isa Pertentangan Gereja Filsafat mengalami kemunduran Raja membatasi kebebasan berfikir Abad 6 SM – 0 M Periode Filsafat Yunani Ahli filsafatnya Thales Menggunakan pola deduktif Kemunculan ilmu sangat berkembang

ABAD PERTENGAHAN ANCILLA THEOLOGIAE DOGMA DOGMA DOGMA DOGMA DOGMA ABAD KEGELAPAN BAGI ILMU PENGETAHUAN DOGMA DOGMA

RENAISSANCE AUFKLARUNG (PENCERAHAN) LEONARDO DA VINCI COPERNICUS PERMULAAN ABAD MODERN LEONARDO DA VINCI COPERNICUS KEPLER GALILEO GALILEI FRANCIS BACON RENAISSANCE 14 - 15 MASEHI AUFKLARUNG (PENCERAHAN) VOLTAIRE JJ. ROUSSEAU MONTESQUIEU IMMANUEL KANT 18 MASEHI

AGAMA DAN FILSAFAT MULAI DI PISAHKAN AGAMA DI DASARI KEYAKINAN (KEIMANAN) FILSAFAT DI DASARI OLEH OLAH PIKIR (SEKULARISASI) RASIONALISME EMPIRISME KRITISISME IDEALISME POSITIVISME TUMBUH ILMU-ILMU CABANG (“MENINGGALKAN FILSAFAT”) BIOLOGI ASTRONOMI MATEMATIKA FISIKA KIMIA SOSIOLOGI

SKEMA HUBUNGAN FILSAFAT DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN

perkembangan Abad 6 M ditandai dengan runtuhnya mitologi dan dongeng-dongeng. Abad 6-16 M ditandai dengan kuatnya doktrin teologis atau anciella theologia. Filsafat digunakan untuk memperkuat keyakinan agama. Abad 16 zaman modern yang ditandai dengan renaissans merebaknya ilmu pengetahuan. Abad 20 atau zaman pasca renaissans ditandai dengan menguatnya pemikiran pasca modernis

Mythology Aim of early Greek philosophers is to find natural rather than supernatural explanations for natural practices 15 15 15 15

Natural Philosophers Nature of the physical world Science Thales – 625BC – 545BC – Greek colony in Asia Minor – first know philosopher – everything from water – single basic substance Anaximander – 610-546 BC – all created things are limited – that which comes before and after must be “boundless” - basic stuff could not be as ordinary as water Anaximenes – 570-526 BC – source of all things must be air of vapour 16 16 16 16

Democritus 460-370 BC “everything was built up of tiny invisible blocks” (p. 43)‏ Each block was eternal and immutable firm and solid not all the same – different shapes and sizes unlimited number Called atoms, “un-cuttable” (p. 43)‏ 17 17 17

How accurate is Democritus theory to what we know today? Atoms theory still exists P. 84 – the lego horse – Plato’s idea of the model plan – “World of ideas” 18 18

Athens – circa 450 BC “Cultural center of the Greek world.” (p. 61)‏ Focus changed from natural philosophy to “the individual and the individual’s place in society.” (p. 62)‏ Democracy evolved Art of rhetoric – “saying things in a convincing manner.” (p. 62)‏ 19 19

Prominent Philosophers Sophist – “a wise and informed person” (p. 62) – “ man and his place in society” (p. 62)” “No absolute norms for what was right or wrong.” (p. 63)‏ Protogoras (485-410 BC) “Man is the measure of all things” (p. 62)‏ 20 20 20 20

Socrates 470-399 BC there are norms wrote nothing down greatest influence on western thinking taught in the city squares known to us through Plato’s writings we must use our reason to grasp “philosophical truths” p. 65 feigned ignorance – “Socratic irony” 21

Socrates died because of his convictions 22

Plato 428-347 BC Pupil of Socrates theory of ideas Myth of the cave – denies the reality of the natural world We must become enlightened 23

Myth of the Cave From The Republic What we take in with our senses is not real, but rather a poor copy of it – we see only shadows – imprisoned by our senses – the shadows are less real than the actual Should take in the world intellectually Ignorance is likened to imprisonment 24

Plato and Aristotle 25

Aristotle 384-322 BC student of Plato Elemental theory – fire, water, wind, earth Rejected Plato's “world of ideas” Senses are important Women as inferior 26

Medieval/Baroque Machiavelli – 1469-1527 – control populace – politics, government - two books, The Prince is still used today in politics (Stalin really liked The Prince)‏ Spinoza – 1632-1677 - in God (one substance) tolerance and free thought – “Rationalist Mystic” Hobbes – 1588-1679 – materialist – natural world – political thinking - The Leviathan – “The value or worth of a man is, as of all things, his price.” Hume

THOMAS HOBBES 1588-1679 “Alam semesta, segala yang ada, bersifat korporeal, atau badani, yang memiliki dimensi besaran panjang, lebar, dan kedalaman” Yang ada hanyalah materi, Setiap benda bergerak, termasuk manusia, adalah mesin Proses mental merupakan gerakan materi yang ada dalam kepala manusia. Hobbes terpesona oleh gerak, khususnya setelah mengunjungi Galileo.

Locke – 1632-1704 – father of empiricism and liberalism, education Locke – 1632-1704 – father of empiricism and liberalism, education. “All mankind is good and ought not to harm one another.” “No man’s knowledge here can go beyond his experiences.” Hume – 1711-1776 – nothing is certain (complexity), empiricist, take actions because of morals Leibniz – 1646 – 1716 – rationalist – borrowed reality – “There is a reason why every fact is as it is and not otherwise.” – calculus (Leibniz or Newton)‏

Existentialism/Modernism Kierkegaard – 1813-1855 – father of existentialism - individual finds own identity a problem – mystery of own existence deBeauvoir - 1908-1986 – French existentialist – Sartre - feminism Sartre – 1905-1980 – fate doesn't exist – man is what he conceives himself to be “Hell is other people.” Descartes – 1596-1650 – father of modern philosophy – method of doubt - “Cogito ergo sum - I think therefore I am.” Camus– 1913-1960 – French writer – absurd that humans demand significance in an indifferent universe - “Man is the only creature who refuses to be what he is.”

Senses or Reason Empiricists – believe that we learn through our senses; we learn based on observation, experience ; we are born with a clean slate (tabula rasa)‏ Rationalists – believe one has to have an understanding of one’s self to learn “Know thyself”; senses offer a limited world; rely on “truths,” logic and intuition Kant synthesized the two – need reason and the senses to learn