Chapter 7 A CHILD’S WORLD Papalia, Olds & Feldman

Classic Approach Behaviorist  basic mechanics of learning, perubahan perilaku hasil belajar/pengalaman Psychometric  mengukur perbedaan kuantitatif dengan tes Piagetian  melihat perubahan-perubahan (tahapan) perkembangan kognitif

Behaviorist Approach Classical Conditioning  belajar berdasarkan asosiasi stimulus yang tidak mendatangkan respon dan yang mendatangkan respon (UCS dan CS) Operant Conditioning  reinforcement dan punishment

Psychometric Approach: Developmental and Intelligence Test Intelligent behavior  goal oriented and adaptive to circumstances and conditions of life Tes inteligensi  Alfred Binet  Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale Tes Perkembangan Tes untuk bayi dan toddler  tes perkembangan : Bayey Scale of Infant Development (perkembangan mental dan motorik, p 167), skala Vineland, Denver

Pengaruh Lingkungan rumah : parental responsiveness, buku dan alat-alat bermain, keterlibatan orang tua dalam bermain, dlsb. Status sosial ekonomi Early intervention

Piagetian Approach: The sensorimotor Stage Belajar melalui penginderaan dan motorik Skema (pola perilaku), organization, adaptation dan equilibrium Substage 1(0-1 bln) : menggunakan reflek-reflek Primary circular reactions (1-4 bln)  mengulang sensasi yang menyenangkan Secondary circular reactions (4-8bln)  intentional action Coordination of secondary schemes (8-12 bln)  goal-directed behavior Tertiary circular reactions (12-18 bln)  curiosity and experimentation, trial and error Mental combination (18-24 bln)  representational ability  kapasitas menyimpan simbol-simbol dan mental images, deferred imitation dan pretend play

Development of knowledge about objects an space Object permanence Imitation Lihat tabel 7-4 halaman 177

Newer Approach The information-processing approach  persepsi, learning, memory and problem solving The cognitive-neuroscience approach  “hardware” of the central nervous system  struktur otak The social-contextual approach  aspek lingkungan dalam proses belajar, peran orang tua dan pengasuh

Language Development Prelinguistic speech (crying, cooing, babbling) Early vocalization  cooing, babbling, imitation of language sounds Recognazing language sounds Gestures  waving bye-bye, mengangguk atau menggeleng First word (10-14 bln) linguistic speech  ekspresi verbal untuk menyampaikan makna (mama, papa) Holophrase  single word that conveys a complete thouht First sentences (18-24 bln)  kalimat dua kata

Influences on Language Development Genetic and Neurological factors Social Interaction: The Role of Parents and Caregivers Child-Directed Speech  bicara lambat, sederhana, nada tinggi, vocal jelas, kalimat singkat dan diulang Membaca dengan suara keras