Taksonomi Penelitian Epidemiologi Mugi Wahidin, SKM, M.Epid Prodi Kesehatan Masyarakat Univ Esa Unggul 2014/2015
Taksonomi Penelitian Epidemiologi Berdasarkan tujuan: Berdasarkan bingkai waktu Berdasarkan ada tidaknya perlakuan Berdasarkan penelusuran sebab-akibat Berdasarkan pengambilan informasi faktor sebab & akibat
Berdasarkan tujuan Descriptive studies Analytic studies Mendeskripsikan kejadian suatu outcome Analytic studies Mendeskripsikan asosiasi antara exposure dan outcome
Berdasarkan tujuan Epidemiologi Deskriptif Epidemiologi Analitik Menjelaskan distribusi masalah kesehatan terutama berdasarkan faktor orang, tempat dan waktu Epidemiologi Analitik studi mengenai determinants dari masalah kesehatan
Berdasarkan tujuan a. Laporan kasus b. Seri kasus 1. Diskriptif: a. Laporan kasus b. Seri kasus c. Studi kros-seksional d. Studi ekologi 2. Analitik: a. Kros Seksional b. Kasus-kontrol c. Kohort d. Studi intervensi
Berdasarkan bingkai waktu (outcome dgn mulainya penelitian)
Timeframe of Studies Prospective Study - looks forward, looks to the future, examines future events, follows a condition, concern or disease into the future time Study begins here
Timeframe of Studies Retrospective Study - “to look back”, looks back in time to study events that have already occurred time Study begins here
Prospective cohort study Disease occurrence Exposure Study starts time Exposure Disease occurrence time Study starts
Retrospective cohort studies Disease occurrence Exposure Study starts time Case study Salmonella
Case control study Exposure ? Disease Controls Retrospective nature
Berdasarkan ada tidaknya perlakuan Experimental Peniliti mempunyai kontrol terhadap pemaparan Observational Peneliti mengamati pemaparan yg terjadi secara secara alamiah (Peneliti tidak memanipulasi pemaparan)
Berdasarkan ada tidaknya perlakuan a. Penelitian observasional: 1. Penelitian diskriptif 2. Kasus-kontrol 3. Studi kohort b. Penelitian intervensi: 1. Trial/eksperimental 2. Penelitian kuasi eksperimental
Berdasarkan penelusuran sebab-akibat a. Tak ada: - Penelitian diskriptif b. Ada: 1. Ke depan (forward looking): dari exposure ke outcome a. Kohort prospektif b. Kohort retrospektif c. Studi intervensi 2. Ke belakang (backward looking) dari outcome ke exposure a. Kasus-kontrol
Berdasarkan pengambilan informasi faktor sebab & akibat 1. Informasi status sebab & akibat pada saat yang sama: Studi kros-seksional (potong lintang) 2. Informasi status sebab & akibat pada saat yang berbeda (sebab yg terjadi waktu yg lalu atau sedang berjalan): Studi longitudinal: a. Studi kasus-kontrol b. Studi kohort c. Studi intervensi
Longitudinal vs. Cross-sectional Consider effect of smoking on lung cancer Longitudinal study Investigator classifies people into smokers (E+) and non-smokers (E-) as of 1970 Investigator compares incidence of lung cancer in E+ and E- group accrued between 1980 and 2000 Cross-sectional study Investigator classifies people into ever-smokers (E+) and never-smokers (E-) Investigator compares incidence or prevalence of lung cancer in E+ and E- group
Cross-Sectional Study Study Design Exercise E DZ - Observational Study Second descriptor (Cross-Sectional Study) “Cross-Sectional Study” Next Slide Cross-Sectional Study
Gather data on exposure and disease Cross sectional design study 1 Begin with Defined Population Gather data on exposure and disease Exposed, Have disease Exposed, Do not have disease Not Exposed, Have disease Not Exposed, Do not have disease
Study Design Disease (Outcome) _ + + Exposure (Risk Factor) _
Study Design Exercise Observational Study Cohort Study DZ E DZ - Fourth descriptor (Cohort Study) “Cohort Study” Next Slide Cohort Study
Cohort studies unexposed exposed
Incidence among unexposed Cohort studies exposed Incidence among exposed Incidence among unexposed unexposed
Study Design Exercise Observational Study Case-Control Study E DZ Third descriptor (Case-Control Study) “Case-Control Study” Next Slide Case-Control Study
Case control study Exposure ? Disease Controls Retrospective nature
Thank You