fisiologi NUTRIsi kuda Mk. Nutrisi Non Ruminansi Heli Tistiana, SPt., MP. 081 2332 2232

Sistem pencernaan Kuda Saluran Pencernaan a. Mulut b. farings c. Esophagus d. Lambung e. Usus Kecil f. Usus Besar Organ Pelengkap a. Gigi b. Lidah c. Kelenjar Air Liur d. Hati e. Pankreas

Saat pakan awal Sekresi Saliva dari kelenjar parotis Mengeluarkan air liur hanya selama makan, ~ 10 gal / hari Mulut

Kelenjar Saliva Kelenjar parotis Kelenjar mandibularis/submaksilaris Kelenjar lingualis Tugas 1 : Apa Fungsi dari Kelenjar Saliva dan peranan masing-masing kelenjar air liur diatas pada ternak kuda

Anatomy of Digestive Tract

Digestive Tract Pharings dan Esophagus Farings berperan untuk menyambung rongga mulut dan esophagus Panjang esophagus sekitar 125-150 cm

Lambung Ukuran kecil, sering, makanan, memulai pencernaan, seperti non-ruminansia 10% dari saluran Terbatas pencernaan Tukak Lambung

Small Intestine Small Intestine - 30% of tract Digestion of Starch 65-75% Protein, AA’s 60-70% Fat 90% Ca absorption 95-99% Phosphorous 20-25% Fast rate of passage No gall bladder

Large Intestine Large Colon Absorbs H20 VFA’s AA Phosphorus, 50% NaCl Small Colon Absorption of H20 Fecal ball formation

Comparisons of digestion Human Ruminant Equine Stomach 30% 70% 9-10% Sm. Intestine 33% 19% Cecum 7% 3% 16% Lg. Intestine 45%

Perbandingan Kapasitas Saluran Pencernaan (liter) Kuda Sapi Babi Rumen-Retikulum-Omasum - 200 Lambung 17,6 15,4 7,7 Usus Kecil 66 68,4 9,9 Sekum 82,5 1,1 Kolon dan Rektum 15,5 28,6 8,8 Jumlah 181,5 342,1 27,5

Kapasitas Saluran Pencernaan

Pencernaan Nutrisi Kuda herbivora monogastrik - perut sederhana, makan tanaman • hindgut fermentor - pencernaan serat pada LI • Pencernaan dan penyerapan bahan pakan nonfibrous (Protein, lemak, gula, pati, air, vitamin, mineral) di perut dan SI - FOREGUT • Pencernaan dan fermentasi bahan pakan berserat (Selulosa dan hemiselulosa) dalam sekum dan usus besar oleh bakteri dan penyerapan VFA, air, amonia, mineral, vitamin – hindgut Foregut : 38% HindGut : 62%

Air Penting untuk semua fungsi tubuh Suhu Feed pencernaan Jumlah asupan air Tingkat latihan Kualitas pakan dalam ransum Proporsi diet hijauan Minimal 1 gallon/100 lbs BW / hari

GI Tract Health Forage Concentrate – Grain Supplements

Digestible Carbohydrate Digestion of Feed Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Fermentable Fiber Fat Digestible Carbohydrate Fatty Acids Volatile Fatty Acids Glucose Fat Glycogen

Kategori Pencernaan Kuda Maintenence - dasar persyaratan kehidupan Pertumbuhan - termuda memiliki persyaratan tertinggi Kehamilan - tiga bulan terakhir Laktasi - tiga bulan pertama Pekerjaan - tergantung pada aktivitas ringan, sedang, intens Tugas 2 : Bagaimana pencernaan kuda pada masing-masing kategori/periode ini

Maintenance Size: body weight Environment Individual digestive & metabolic efficiency Dry matter intake: 1.5% of the BW Most - energy requirements are met with forage alone

GERIATRIC HORSES Fiber digestion decreases Ability to manufacture or absorb certain vitamins decrease B vitamins Vitamin C Decreased kidney function Calcium stones may build up Decreased liver function Jaundice, weight loss, lethargy, loss of appetite, intolerance for fat and protein in diet B vitamins and Vit C are generally produced by the microbes in the hind gut. In aged horses they have shown a decreased ability to manufacture these vitamins.

THE GERIATRIC HORSE Confinement? No! Turnout with a friend. Weight loss reasons: Poor dentition Reduction in digestion - parasites, microbial constituents, B Vits Selection of Feed Highly palatable Easy to chew & swallow Clean & dust free Highly digestible pellets or extruded feeds Contain enough high quality fiber to aid digestion. High quality hay – no alfalfa. Chopped hay, hay cubes or pellets Soaked feeds or mashes

Feeding The Athlete

Levels of Performance/Work Light - western and English pleasure, trail riding, equitation, hacking Moderate - dressage, ranch work, roping, cutting, barrel racing, jumping Intense - race training, polo, cutting,

ATP SOURCES OF ENERGY FOR THE PERFORMANCE HORSE Muscle Glycogen Blood Glucose Anaerobic Glycolysis Pyruvate Lactate ATP Creatine Phosphate Myokinase and CPK Reactions Lipolysis Free-Fatty Acids Oxidative Metabolism CO2and Water Oxygen

Horse Diet Basics 2. Maximize forage intake 1. Water intake 2. Maximize forage intake 3. Minimize concentrate consumption 4. Balance the ration in the following order (a)energy (b) protein (c) minerals (d) vitamins 5. Monitor body weight & body condition score 6. Change feedstuffs gradually (7‐14 days) 7. Calcium to phosphorus should be between 3:1 to 1:1 8. Supplement minerals & vitamins 9. Feed each horse as an individual

Energy Sources Hydrolysable CHO Fermentable CHO Fat Sugars & starches Create ↓ intestinal pH &  risk of colic Fermentable CHO Beet pulp or soy hulls ↓ glycogen usage Fat 3X the energy concentration of CHO Creates higher energy feed Protein (minimal usage)

Required Energy Activity Examples DE (Mcal/d) Maintenance Pasture 16 Light work Pleasure riding 20 Moderate work Reining, jumping 24 Intense work Racing, endurance 32 Note that for intense work the amount of energy per day goes up 100% above maintenance requirements.

FAT SUPPLEMENTATION Why Use It For Performance Horses? Energy from fat is 90% utilizable Fat ↓ heat of fermentation Fat  glycogen storage prior to race Fat ↓ buildup of lactic acid during intense exercise Fat ↓ fatigue

Sources of Fat Natural horse diets contain < 3-4% fat “High Fat” sweet feeds contain 6-10% fat Fat Supplements Vegetable Oil (most common 99% fat) Rice Bran (very palatable 20% fat) Animal tallow (not palatable)

Fat Guidelines No gall bladder Max ~20% in total diet 1100 lb horse can digest 17.5 oz of fat (Just over 2 cups) If adding fat to existing diet, need to rebalance other nutrients (i.e. vitamin E (200 IU/cup of added oil) Add 6-10 weeks before performance.

General Guidelines For Feeding Working Horses Hay requirement Feed at least 50% of total ration as forage (pasture &/or hay) Preferably high quality grass hay or alfalfa/grass mix Exercising horses do not need high levels of protein More important – quality of protein Horses should be fed to meet their immediate needs I.e. cut grain on rest days If stalled, overfeeding can  stocking up or colic

The Growing Horse Goals Nutrient balance is important Maximize genetic potential for growth Sound musculoskeletal system Nutrient balance is important Requires higher quality feeds Growth rate & age determines requirements Growing till reach 30 months

Percent of Mature Body Weight vs... Months of Age % Percent of Mature Height vs.. Months of Age Months of Age Months of Age

Weanlings Minimize stress Minimize post-weanling slump. 1.5-2.5 lbs grain/100 lbs body wt 0.75-1.0 lb hay/100 lb body wt Ca > P Monitor feed & water intake

As foals get older, the ration should be increased by adding more good quality hay, leaving the grain mix relatively constant.

Feeding Yearlings Sales/show Turnout Forage Forage Concentrate High quality .75-1.0 lb/100 lb body wt. Concentrate Formulated for growth 1.0-2.0 lb/100 lb body wt. Turnout Forage High to moderate quality 2-2.5 lbs./100 lbs. body wt. Forage balancer

Monitoring The Growth Process Daily Intakes Body Weight Average daily gain Signs of Skeletal Abnormalities Physitis Joint effusion Lameness

Nutrition of The Broodmare Lactation 0-3 months 4+ months Months 0-8 Months 9-11 Gestation

Gestation: Nutritional Concerns Provision of nutrients for: Fetal growth & development Other products of conception Last 3 month of gestation: 60 % foals’ weight Mare needs to gain 0.3 – 0.8 lb/d

Average daily milk production in mares

Feed Consumption (% BW) Mare status Forage Concentrate Total Early pregnancy 1.5-2.0 0-0.5 Late pregnancy 1.0-1.5 0.5-1.0 Early lactation 1.0-2.0 2.0-3.0 Late lactation 0.5-1.5 2.0-2.5 Adding concentrate to late pregnancy mares accounts for limited energy & acclimates microbes Allow 1 wk to 10 d for mares to adjust to intake changes Heavy milkers may require as much as 1.75-2.0% of BW in concentrate feed/day

Nutrition of the Breeding Stallion Primary Concern Maintenance of Body Condition Non-breeding Forage + vitamin/mineral supplement Breeding 0.5% concentrate 1.75-2% hay